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Instruction:
Question #1. Ecology shapes Administration and every country needs a unique ecological administrative system to be effective. Explain. (Riggs) (150 words)
Question #1. Ecology shapes Administration and every country needs a unique ecological administrative system to be effective. Explain. (Riggs) (150 words)
Approach:
Introduction:
Ecology in simple words relates to ‘Environment’. And this environment includes physical, social and cultural aspects. So, basically we are going to talk about the relationship between administration and the environment it is set in (internal as well as external) and how the affect each other.
Environment is the largest system, the rest and others like political systems, administrative systems, etc are all sub systems who work under it. It influences its sub systems and vice versa. They both have to adjust to each other and also reform and change each other from time to time to stay up to date where the people’s wishes drive the policies and the policies bring in development that uplifts the socio-economic status and level of the environment for progress. So they are interdependent and not mutually exclusive of each other.
How does ecology shape administration?
Administration is seen as one of the most significant aspect of any societal arrangement as it makes possible the achievement of governmental function fulfilment. It has been observed that administration of any state happens to be an expression of various unique factors existing in society and is inter dependant over other arrangements in the society that provides the stability of all structure in a society. Various scholars like George Orwell in their writings like ‘Shooting an Elephant’ books have given case studies of how they have seen practically that the administrative systems in different parts of the world perform differently in order to suit the environment or ecology they are set in.
The ecological approach to Public Administration was first propagated popularly by Fred W. Riggs who studied administrative systems in different countries (emphasis on developing countries) and why there was a vast amount of disconnect among them while applying the Americanised theories of Public Administration and how they coped up. He found that the main reason for this uniqueness of administrative systems in the world is the environment that they are set in. Each country had a different environment setting and that played a major role in the shaping of the administrative system because without the help and approval of its people an administrative system cannot survive and thus it acts according to its environment and in turn it also influences the society with its work and procedures.
Max Weber projected an ideal system of bureaucracy where bureaucracy was shown as a closed system unaffected by the environment. A system which Weber assumed would be applicable and successful in all countries irrespective of its socio economic status and that’s where he went wrong because we can very well see that the systems in USA and UK etc cannot be applied in an environment of India or any other developing countries. Weber did provide a very good structure for the organisation of bureaucracy but the part which he missed as cited above was the starting ground for Riggs when he began his research on the relationship between ecology and administration.
Ecology/Environment affects the administrative system both internally as well as externally.
Conclusion:
Therefore, one can very conveniently understand from the above mentioned, the delicate and crucial relationship between Ecology and Administration.
Question #2. The legislative control over administration is more theoretical than practical. Comment (150 words)
Approach:
Introduction:
Accountability is the core of the democratic system. The system of legislative control over administration operated through the parliamentary control. As L.D. white said power in a democratic society requires controls and the greater the power, the more need for control.
The Ways through which Legislative exercise control over administration are:
The Legislative control over administration is not effective as it has to be due to certain reason. And the reasons are:
Conclusion:
The decline in the standard of parliamentary debate and regular disruption in the parliament reduced the effectiveness of the legislature control over administration. The control exercised by the legislature over administration is more theoretical.
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