What's New :
Gist of India Year Book (IYB) 2024. Download Here...
Thematic Current Affairs Compilation. Download here...

29th December 2022

As courts insist on triple-test rule for OBC quota in polls, State governments push back

Context

In a significant decision, the Allahabad High Court has directed the State Election Commission to immediately notify the Urban Local Body Polls without OBC reservation, as it held that the state government doesn't fulfil the Triple Test Formality.

Background

  • In 2021, the SC scrapped OBC quotas in local body polls in Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh, and the Odisha high court cancelled a similar move in the state because the exercise didn’t pass the triple test.
  • The Triple-Test Formula, laid down by the Supreme Court in 2010 and later reiterated in March 2021, required the states to appoint a commission, collect quantifiable data of the community, and allocates reservation to them in local bodies in such a manner that the total reservation in each seat does not exceed 50%.
About

What is Triple Test?

  • In the Vikas Kishanrao Gawali case, the Apex Court had noted that a triple test is to be followed before provisioning reservation for the OBC category. The said triple test involves;
    • setting up a dedicated Commission to conduct a contemporaneous rigorous empirical inquiry into the nature and implications of the backwardness qua local bodies, within the states;
    • Specifying the proportion of reservation required to be provisioned local body-wise in light of recommendations of the Commission, so as not to fall foul of Overbreadth;
    • Not exceeding an aggregate of 50 percent of the total seats reserved in favour of SCs/STs/OBCs taken together.

What does the Court’s ordered?

  • The state has been directed to consider the claim of transgender for their inclusion among the Backward Class of citizens.
  • A dedicated Commission is constituted for undertaking the exercise of conducting the empirical study as to the nature and implications of Backwardness for the purposes of providing reservation to the backward class of citizens in the context of elections to the urban local bodies.
  • The bench quashed the draft notification issued by the Uttar Pradesh government, expressing its intent to conduct Urban Local Body Election including OBC seats reserved.

Why such order has been given by the High Court?

  • The Allahabad High Court noted that the UP Government didn't constitute any dedicated Commission to conduct a contemporaneous rigorous empirical inquiry into the nature and implications of the backwardness qua local bodies and without such data being available, providing quota for OBC was not valid.
  • On the Other hand the triple test formula mandated by the apex courtin the context of providing reservation for OBCs in local body polls.

Why Triple test rule was mandated by the Supreme Court?

  • The five-judge Constitution Bench decision in  Krishnamurthy (Dr.) v. Union of India (2010)wherein the Supreme Court had interpreted Article 243D (6) and Article 243T (6), which permit reservation by enactment of law for backward classes in Panchayats and municipal bodies respectively, to hold that barriers to political participation are not the same as that of the barriers that limit access to education and employment.
  • However, for creating a level playing field, reservation may be desirable as mandated by the aforementioned Articles which provide a separate constitutional basis for reservation, as distinct from what are conceived underArticle 15 (4) and Article 16 (4) which forms the basis for reservation in education and employment.
  • Though reservation to local bodies is permissible, the top court declared that the same is subject to empirical finding of backwardness in relation to local bodies as fulfilled through the triple tests.

G-20 campaigns for online safety, digital innovation unveiled

Context

The Union Minister for Railways, Communications, Electronics and Information Technology has addressed the ‘Stay Safe Online’ Campaign and ‘G20 Digital Innovation Alliance’ as part of India’s G-20 presidency, in New Delhi.

About

About the event:

  • Participants of the event: The event was graced by Shri Amitabh Kant, G20 Sherpa, dignitaries from Union Ministries and Departments, representatives of Embassies and Consulates, invited guests from the Government, Industry associations, social media platforms, start-ups, and civil society organisations.
  • Key points mentioned:
    • During India's G20 presidency, MeitY will focus on three priority areas, namely;
    • Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI),
    • Cyber Security, and
    • Digital Skill Development, together with the Stay Safe Online campaign and DIA programme under the DEWG.
    • MeitY aims to carry forward the vision of the digital transformation of the global digital economy for public service delivery through innovation and a future-ready digitally skilled workforce in a secure cyber environment.

The initiatives launched:

The Stay Safe Online campaign and the Digital Innovation Alliance (DIA) programme which G-20 Sherpa Amitabh Kant lauded as among the first-ever programmes to be launched worldwide as a G-20 initiative. 

  • Digital Innovation Alliance (DIA);
    • It meant to unite the innovation ecosystems of G-20 countries and nine invitee countries to recognise and support start-ups developing innovative digital solutions. 
    • The DIA programme will have 174 start-ups from member countries with invitee countries sending in entries for digital solutions in six key sectors - Edtech, Healthtech, Agritech, Fintech, secured digital infrastructure and circular economy.
    • The entries will be judged by a diverse jury, drawn from academia, corporates, Ministers and investors, at the end of which the top three innovations in each sector will be awarded.
    • The event would also provide an opportunity for interactions with stakeholders; esteemed panel discussions and investor connect.
  • The Stay Safe Online campaign;
    • It intends to raise awareness about cyber risks and the need for cyber hygiene in an increasingly digitising world.
    • The Ministry released a video for this campaign, which asks citizens to share instances of cyber safety online with a hash tag for wider reach and intends to reach all groups of citizens in urban and rural India. 
    • The video is also being translated in all N. languages and languages of all G-20 countries and invitee countries for global reach.

Other Government Initiatives:

  • India had embarked on an ambitious project of developing its own technology stack (hardware and software) for telecom solutions - 4G and 5G - which has already been tested for 5 million simultaneous connections and soon to be tested for double that strength.
  • The government is also working on Bhashini - an AI-based language translator - intended to bridge the language barrier keeping in line with the vision of inclusive digital transformation. 

Significance:

  • The campaign involves the dissemination of multilingual awareness content in the form of infographics, cartoon stories, puzzles, short videos, etc. and amplifying the same through extensive use of the MyGov website and prominent social media platforms.
  • Besides this, various publicity, promotion and outreach activities would be carried out throughout the year through print, electronics & social media to reinforce the stay safe online message.
  • In addition, collaboration and involvement of key stakeholders viz. Union Ministries / Departments, industry associations/partners, NGOs, civil society organizations, etc. would be sought for wider outreach of the campaign.

NREGS wages revised, less than 5 per cent hike in 21 states, UTs

Context

Recently the Centre has notified fresh wage rates under rural job guarantee programme NREGS for financial year 2022-23, with 21 out of 34 states and Union Territories getting less than 5 per cent increase and 10 states getting more than 5 per cent hike.

About

About the reformed wages for NREGA labours:

  • The wage rates, notified by Ministry of Rural Development under sub-section (1) of Section 6 of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005, will be effective from April 1, 2023.

Under sub-section (1) of Section 6 of the MGNREGA, 2005, the Union government fixes state-wise wage rates for unskilled manual workers, who work under the rural job guarantee scheme.

  • Of the 31 states and UTs, which saw a hike in wages,
    • The maximum 7.14 per cent has been recorded in Goa — from Rs. 294 per day in 2021-22 to Rs. 315 per day in 2022-23.
    • The lowest increase of 1.77 per cent is in Meghalaya where the new wage rate has been fixed at Rs. 230 per day from the existing Rs.226 per day.
  • According to the new wage rates, five states and UTs with the highest NREGS wages are;
    • Haryana (Rs.331 per day);
    • Goa (315);
    • Kerala (311);
    • Karnataka (309); and
    • Andaman & Nicobar Islands (308).
  • Five states with lowest NREGS wages are;
    • Tripura (212);
    • Bihar (210);
    • Jharkhand (210);
    • Chhattisgarh (204); and
    • Madhya Pradesh (204).
    • There was no change in the wage rates of three states – Manipur, Mizoram and Tripura.
  • Only 10 states — Haryana, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Jammu & Kashmir, Lakshadweep, Kerala, Karnataka and Goa — have seen an increase of more than 5 per cent.

Criteria of wage rate increase for MGNREGA workers:

  • The MGNREGA wage rates are fixed according to changes in the CPI-AL (Consumer Price Index-Agriculture Labour), which reflects the increase in the inflation in rural areas.

Mahatma Gandhi NREGA Act, 2005:

  • The Mahatma Gandhi NREGA Act came into force from 2nd February, 2006 and was implemented in a phased manner.
  • The scheme was introduced as a social measure that guarantees “the right to work”.
  • The key tenet of this social measure and labour law is that the local government will have to legally provide at least 100 days of wage employment in rural India to enhance their quality of life.
  • Key objectives:
    • Generation of paid rural employment of not less than 100 days for each worker who volunteers for unskilled labour.
    • Proactively ensuring social inclusion by strengthening livelihood base of rural poor.
    • Creation of durable assets in rural areas such as wells, ponds, roads and canals.
    • Reduce urban migration from rural areas.
    • Create rural infrastructure by using untapped rural labour.

Information linked to MGNREGA:

  • The Ministry of Rural Development (MRD), Govt of India is monitoring the entire implementation of this scheme in association with state governments.
  • Individual beneficiary oriented works can be taken up on the cards of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, small or marginal farmers or beneficiaries of land reforms or beneficiaries under the Indira Awaas Yojana of the Government of India.
  • Within 15 days of submitting the application or from the day work is demanded, wage employment will be provided to the applicant.
  • Right to get unemployment allowancein case employment is not provided within fifteen days of submitting the application or from the date when work is sought.
  • Social Audit of MGNREGA works is mandatory,which lends to accountability and transparency.
  • The Gram Sabha is the principal forum for wage seekers to raise their voices and make demands.
  • It is the Gram Sabha and the Gram Panchayats which approves the shelf of works under MGNREGA and fix their priority

Challenges associated:

  • Low wage rate: The low wage rates have resulted in lack of interest among workers in working for MGNREGA schemes, making way for contractors and middle men to take control, locally.
  • Insufficient budget allocation: MGNREGA’s success at the ground level is subject to proper and uninterrupted fund flow to the states. But the fund allocation is insufficient to ensure proper implementation on the ground.
  • Regular payment delays:Despite the order of the Supreme Court and initiatives and GO (Government Order) by the Union Ministry of Finance, no provision has yet been worked out in the MIS for calculation of full wage delays and payment of compensation for the same.
  • Workers penalised for administrative lapses: The ministry withholds wage payments for workers of states that do not meet administrative requirements within the stipulated time period. It is beyond any logic as to why workers would be penalised for administrative lapses.
  • The banking puzzle:Due to great rush and poor infrastructure, the bank passbooks are not updated in many cases. Often, the workers do not get their wages during times of need due to the hassle and the cost involved in getting wages from the bank.
  • Faulty MIS data: There is a growing pile of evidence on how real-time MIS has made MGNREGA less transparent for workers, reduced accountability of frontline functionaries and aided in centralisation of the programme.
  • Non-payment of unemployment allowance: There are a huge number of unemployment allowances being shown in the MIS currently.
  • Genuine job cards being deleted to meet 100% DBT targets:While the government has been boasting about Aadhar-based savings, the reality is that a huge number of genuine job cards and ration cards are getting deleted and genuine people have been deprived of their due entitlements.

 

Nepal politics, past, present, and future

Context

As witnessed in the past, Nepali politics has once again thrown a big surprise at the last minute with Prachanda walking out of the alliance with the Nepali Congress (NC) and joining hands with the rival KP Sharma Oli-led CPN-UML.

  • This political turmoil in Nepal should not become a hurdle to India-Nepal relations.

Background

  • India and Nepal share the history of cordial relations since the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries.
  • The warmth between the two seems to have been lost in last few years and one of the main reason of the same is the border disputes, with respect to territories of Limpiadhura, Lipulek and Kalapani,between the two countries.
  • Also the political instability in Nepal has brought varying ideologies on the power and it affects relations with India.
  • Recently, Nepal has also started to maintain the relations with China that too made India to strategize its relations with Nepal.
Analysis

Turning point in India-Nepal relationship:

  • India and Nepal experienced friendly and cordial bond with each other since the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two.
  • The prime example of the good relations that were shared by the countries of India and Nepal is the India-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship, 1950and its provisions.

The 1950 India-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship, officially called as Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the Government of India and Government of Nepal, is a bilateral treaty between Nepal and India establishing a close strategic relationship between the two South Asian neighbours. The treaty was signed in Kathmandu on 31 July 1950. 

This treaty allows free movement of people and goods between the two nations and a close relationship and collaboration between the two countries on matters of defence and foreign policy.

  • The relationship between the two countries though began to change after a political understanding between the Nepali Government and the Maoist fighters in the country was reached.
  • A 12-point understanding among Nepal’s eight political parties including Maoists, signed in November 2005 in Delhi.
  • The above understanding ended monarchy in Nepal and converted it into a republic.
  • Till this point India was for long a factor — and to a large extent the sole external actor — in Nepal’s internal politics. But when India openly took the lead role in transforming the internal polity of Nepal it set off events leading to India losing its clout and allies in Nepal.
  • It is important to note that the EU and US had begun to emerge as India’s allies in Nepal’s transition after 2005-06.
  • China, worried about the combined presence of India, US and EU in Nepal and their influence on internal politics, began increasing its presence and investment in Nepal, targeting tourism, post-earthquake reconstruction, trade and energy, with a message that its interest in Nepal is no less than India’s or its allies put together.

The current state of relationship:

  • The bilateral relations between India and Nepal have hit the rock-bottom though the two are far to be termed at adversaries of each other.
  • Drop in cordiality between the two can be attributed to factors such as- blockage of 2015, territorial disputes, condition of Nepali immigrants in India, growing influence of China in Nepal etc.

What measures are required?

  • Mutual understanding:India and Nepal both need to understand the requirement of using bilateral mechanisms, that have been set resolve disputes between the two countries, to their fullest potential.
  • Focus on resolving issues: The border dispute between the two countries look minor, but allowing it to fester is likely to sow the seeds of immense competition and intense rivalry in the sensitive Himalayan frontier with far-reaching geopolitical implications. Both the countries therefore have to focus their energies towards resolving these amicably.
  • Government-to-Government bonding:It is true that Nepal-India relations are largely governed by people-to-people relations, but the importance of government-to-government relations can no longer be underestimated.
  • Increasing trade and economic ties:Since Nepal’s dependence on India is more than India’s dependence on Nepal; it is all the more necessary to balance such relations. To increase India’s dependence on Nepal, it is necessary to increase trade and economic activities at the forefront. Interdependence between Nepal and India is the secret to reset the relations between the neighbours. 
  • Easy movement:Towards this end, the two countries could also build an international corridor along the 1,753 kilometre Nepal-India border region to facilitate greater movement of commercial vehicles between the two countries. 
  • Multilateral forums:The focus should also be given to more air, road, train, and waterways connectivity, apart from playing an active role in several important multilateral forums such as BBIN (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal), BIMSTEC, NAM, and SAARC to serve their common interests.

Way forward

  • Nepal-India relations are deep, wide-ranging, and unique, but also fraught with complexities. 
  • It is important for both the countries to understand that bilateral relations are dynamic in nature and reviewing them constantly in the wake of changing economic, strategic, political and global realities is necessary.

Developmental Projects in Nepal:

  • Since 2022, the Jaynagar-Bardibas railway started with India providing technical support.
  • In 2019, the long-awaited Motihari-Amlekhgunj oil pipeline was inaugurated. Power generation in Nepal has picked up.

FDI chasing “services sector” despite govt’s push to manufacturing

Context

Despite the central government's push to boost manufacturing through the 'Make in India' initiative, foreign investors continue to chase bets in the services sector.

More about the News:

  • According to “India Ratings and Research” (domestic rating agency), a bulk of the foreign direct investment (FDI) in manufacturing was not fresh investments.
  • The flow of FDI remained tilted in the favour of the service sector.
  • Efforts made by the government to attract more investments in the manufacturing sector through 'Make in India' campaign haven’t yielded.

Favorites in Service Sectors

Favorites in Manufacturing Sectors

  • Trading
  • Telecommunications
  • Banking/Insurance
  • IT/business outsourcing and
  • Hotels/Tourism
  • Auto
  • Chemicals
  • Drugs and pharmaceuticals
  • Metallurgical and
  • Food processing

 

What could be the possible reason?

  • Fewer Complexities in the Service sector: Doing Business in the services sector is less complicated than doing business in the manufacturing sector in India.
  • FDI is highly clustered around a few States: The foreign fund flows may not be helping the cause of broad-based development across the country.
    • Four States - Maharashtra (27.5%), Karnataka (23.9%), Gujarat (19.1%), and (Delhi 12.4%) – collectively accounted for 83% of the FDI between October 2019 and March 2022.

Comparative Data:

FDI in (Sector)

April 2000 to March 2014

April 2014 to March 2022

Service Sector

80.51

153.01

Manufacturing Sector

77.11

94.32

Top 5 FDI Sourcing Nation:

  • Singapore: 27.01%
  • USA: 17.94%
  • Mauritius: 15.98%
  • Netherlands: 7.86%
  • Switzerland: 7.31%

Investors can make FDI in a number of ways.

  • Some common ones include establishing a subsidiary in another country, acquiring or merging with an existing foreign company, or starting a joint venture partnership with a foreign company.
    • Apart from being a critical driver of economic growth, FDI has been a major non-debt financial resource for the economic development of India.
    • It is different from Foreign Portfolio Investment where the foreign entity merely buys stocks and bonds of a company.
    • FPI does not provide the investor with control over the business.

Routes of FDI:

Automatic Route:

  • In this, the foreign entity does not require the prior approval of the government or the RBI (Reserve Bank of India).
  • In India FDI up to 100% is allowed in non-critical sectors through the automatic route, not requiring security clearance from the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA).
  • Prior government approval or security clearance from MHA is required for investments in sensitive sectors such as defence, media, telecommunication, satellites, private security agencies, civil aviation, and mining, besides any investment from Pakistan and Bangladesh.

Government Route:

  • In this, the foreign entity has to take the approval of the government.
    • The Foreign Investment Facilitation Portal (FIFP) facilitates the single window clearance of applications that are through the approval route. It is administered by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry.

Initiatives to boost foreign investments in Manufacturing Sector:

  • Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Schemes
  • Make in India
  • Investment Clearance Cell (ICC)
  • One District One Product (ODOP)
  • Setting up Special Economic Zones (SEZs)
  • Flexibility in the labour laws

Trade agreements with Australia, UAE to help boost exports, say export promotion councils

Context

Export promotion councils have lauded the trade agreements signed by India with the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Australia.

India–UAE Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA):

  • India-UAE CEPA was signed on 18th February 2022, during the India-UAE Virtual Summit
    • It became effective from May, 2022.
  • CEPA provides for an institutional mechanism to encourage and improve trade between the two countries.

What will be the Benefits of India-UAE CEPA?

  • Trade-in Goods: India will benefit from preferential market access provided by the UAE, especially for all labour-intensive sectors.
  • Trade-in Services: Both India and UAE have offered each other market access to the broad service sectors.
  • Trade-in Pharmaceuticals: Both sides have also agreed to a separate Annex on Pharmaceuticals to facilitate access to Indian pharmaceuticals products.
  • The CEPA with the UAE is also expected to increase the total value of bilateral trade in goods to over $100 billion and in services to more than $15 billion within five years.

India-Australia Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement (ECTA):

  • It is the first Free Trade Agreement (FTA) that India has signed with a major developed country in over a decade.
    • It became effective from December 29, 2022.
  • ECTA provides for an institutional mechanism to encourage and improve trade between the two countries.
  • ECTA will help Australian manufacturers strengthen their supply chain resilience
    • It will also help to enhance trade diversification while also connecting the two complementary and stable economies.
  • The ECTA between India and Australia covers almost all the tariff lines dealt in by India and Australia respectively.
    • India will benefit from preferential market access provided by Australia on 100% of its tariff lines.
    • This includes all the labor-intensive sectors of export interest to India such as Gems and Jewellery, Textiles, leather, footwear, furniture etc.
    • Import duty applicable in Australia had been reduced on all tariff lines for plastic products with immediate effect.
    • The trade pact will also raise the bilateral trade volume to $45-50 billion in five years.

What are Export Promotion Councils (EPC)

  • Export Promotion Councils (EPCs) are organizations of exporters, set up under the Societies Registration Act/ Companies Act, with the objective of promoting Indian exports.

Objective of EPC:

  • Evaluate readiness of MSMEs to export their products and services.
  • Recognize areas that can be improved to export effectively and efficiently.
  • Integration of MSME into the global value chain.
  • The target of USD 100 billion of exports from India by 2020.
  • Identify potential clusters which can start exporting directly or through aggregators and export houses with the help of export promotion councils.
  • Coordinate with other departments and export promotion councils for increasing shipments of products like khadi, leather, and coir.

Short Articles

Art & Culture

‘Dhanu Yatra’ begins in Odisha’s Bargarh

The ‘Dhanu Yatra’ festival, considered to be the world’s largest open-air theatre, began in the Western Odisha town of Bargarh.

  • Dhanu Yatra is the 11-day festival of the masses.
  • The ‘Dhanu Yatra’, which marks the victory of good over evil, came into existence in Bargarh in 1947-48 as part of the celebration of the country’s Independence and is held annually.
  • “The vibrant Dhanu Yatra is associated with the culture of Odisha.
  • The plays in the festival start with the dethroning of Emperor Ugrasen of Mathura by angry Kansa over the marriage of his sister Devaki with Vasudev.
  • The festival concludes with the death of demon king Kansa and restoration of the throne to Ugrasen.

Polity & Governance

Government gives official recognition to Esports

The Government of India gave Esports a major boost by integrating it with mainline sports disciplines in the country.

  • E-Sports is now part of multi-sports events.
    • The Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (MYAS) is the nodal ministry for esports in multi-sports events.
    • The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) is the nodal ministry to oversee the online gaming industry. 
  • The International Olympic Committee (IOC) too is going big on popularising e-Sport with Singapore being confirmed to host the inaugural Olympic Esports Week in June next year.

The President of India, in exercise of the powers "conferred by clause (3) of Article 77 of the Constitution" amended the rules governing Esports.

Economy

Payment system operators to report fraud on RBI's DAKSH from Jan 1

In order to automate the payments fraud management process, the fraud reporting module will be migrated to DAKSH --- the Reserve Bank's advanced supervisory monitoring system -- from January 1.

  • DAKSH is a web-based end-to-end workflow application through which RBI will monitor compliance requirements in a more focused manner to further improve the compliance culture in supervised entities like banks, non-banking financial companies (NBFCs), etc.

Editorial

India must build awareness on population control

Context:

This article talks about the private member bill, recently introduced in the Lok Sabha, aiming at population control in India. It states that population rise is the most significant reason for India’s slow rate of development.

A politicized debate

  • Discourse about Population Control: The discourse around the issue often gets reduced to a petty religious issue, and, ultimately, the subject of development suffers.
  • Impractical Suggestions: A proposed draft Bill, i.e., the Uttar Pradesh Population (Control, Stabilisation, and Welfare) Bill, 2021 said that no government job would be offered to couples with more than two children with no clarifications.
You must be logged in to get greater insights.

ThinkQ

img
QUIZ - 29th December 2022

Mains Question:

Question: India Nepal relations underwent major turmoil in the last decade. Discuss the challenges before India to foster cordial relations with Nepal and to counter the Chinese influence in the Himalayan geopolitics. (250 words)

Question Mapping

  • Subject: International Relations (GS-II)
    • Sub-topic: India and its neighborhood- relations

Approach

  • Introduction with the recent Nepal elections and formation of stable government.
  • In short explain the India-Nepal relations and how the relations underwent turmoil in last decade.
  • Here introduce the factor of Chinese influence over Nepal which is one of the factors of concern for India.
  • Bring out the challenges for India in maintaining pleasant relations with Nepal and counter Chinese influence.
  • Conclude with the importance of India in Himalayan geopolitics by having good relations with Nepal.
GS Mains Classes GS Classes 2024 GS Classes 2024 UPSC Study Material

Verifying, please be patient.

Our Centers

DELHI (Karol Bagh)

GS SCORE, 1B, Second Floor, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005 (Beside Karol Bagh Metro Station Gate No. 8)

Get directions on Google Maps

BHUBANESWAR (Jaydev Vihar)

GS SCORE, Plot No.2298, Jaydev Vihar Square, Near HCG Day Care, BBSR - 751013

Get directions on Google Maps

LUCKNOW (Aliganj)

GS SCORE, 2nd Floor, B-33, Sangam Chauraha, Sector H, Aliganj, Lucknow, UP - 226024

Get directions on Google Maps

Enquire Now