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How Agriculture can be an Engine for Growth
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Context
Gita Gopinath, IMF’s Deputy Managing Director, recently highlighted the need for India to create 60-148 million jobs by 2030, emphasizing the necessity for workers to transition from agriculture to other sectors. This view overlooks the potential of agriculture to drive growth and generate desirable jobs. The current state of Indian agriculture presents both challenges and opportunities for revitalization and job creation.
Ecological Challenges and Solutions
- Water Management: Indian agriculture suffers from inefficient water use and over-reliance on groundwater. Expanding irrigation through rainwater harvesting and micro-irrigation, as seen in Gujarat, can boost productivity and sustainability.
- Soil Degradation: Significant portions of Indian soil are degraded due to issues like salinity and nutrient depletion. Addressing soil health through improved practices and technology is essential for revitalizing agriculture.
- Climate Change Adaptation: Adapting to climate change involves developing heat-resistant crops and utilizing technology such as cell phones and drones to enhance farming techniques and efficiency.
Technological and Institutional Innovations
- Crop Diversification: Moving away from monocultures to diverse cropping systems can improve soil health, yield, and profitability. This shift supports a more resilient agricultural sector.
- Institutional Reform: Small farm sizes limit economies of scale. Encouraging cooperative farming and forming groups can improve efficiency and market access, as demonstrated by successful models in Kerala and other states.
- Technological Integration: Utilizing modern technologies, including drones and mobile apps, can provide farmers with crucial information and improve agricultural practices and productivity.
Expanding Opportunities and Synergies
- Livestock and Fisheries: These sectors show significant growth potential and job creation opportunities. The fisheries sector, for example, grew at 10% in 2022-23, providing millions of jobs.
- Farm-Nonfarm Linkages: Strengthening connections between farming and rural non-farm activities like agro-processing and eco-tourism can boost rural incomes and job opportunities.
- Youth Engagement: Making agriculture more appealing to the younger generation through technological advancements and group farming initiatives can attract educated youth to the sector.
Practice Question
Q. Discuss the potential of agriculture as a driver of economic growth and job creation in India. How can technological, ecological, and institutional innovations contribute to transforming the sector to meet future demands?
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