9th July 2025 (13 Topics)

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Bihar Domicile Quota Reform

Context:

The Bihar Cabinethas approved the application of the domicile rule to the existing 35% reservation for women in all state government jobs, marking a significant policy shift before the upcoming state elections.

Policy Overview

In January 2016, Bihar introduced 35% horizontal reservation for women across all state government jobs.
Until now, the domicile requirement was not applied to this quota, allowing women from outside Bihar to avail the benefit.
As of July 2025, only women who are domiciled residents of Bihar will be eligible under this 35% quota.

Domicile Criteria in Bihar

To qualify as a domicile of Bihar, a person must fulfill at least one of the following:

Continuous residence in the state for three years or more.
Ownership of property or land in the state.
In case of women, marriage to a domiciled resident of Bihar.
Voter ID is desirable but not mandatory.

Vertical and Horizontal Reservation:

Vertical Reservation

Provided for socially and educationally backward classes: SCs, STs, and OBCs.
Governed by Article 16(4) of the Indian Constitution.
It is group-specific and applies separately to each reserved category.
Vertical reservation is counted independently and not shared across other vertical groups.

Horizontal Reservation

Refers to cross-cutting reservations for categories like:
- Women
- Persons with Disabilities (PwDs)
- Ex-servicemen
- Transgender persons
Enshrined under Article 15(3) and supported by judicial interpretation.
Applies within each vertical category (SC, ST, OBC, General).
Ensures fair representation of special groups across all caste-based categories.

Application Mechanism

Horizontal reservation is interlocked with vertical reservation.
For example: If 35% horizontal reservation is given to women:
- Then 35% of each vertical category’s seats (e.g., SC, ST, OBC, General) must be filled by women candidates of that category.
This avoids double-counting and ensures equitable distribution.

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Bihar Domicile Quota Reform