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Operation Sindhu
Context
India launched Operation Sindhu in June 2025 to evacuate Indian nationals, primarily students, from Iran amid escalating hostilities between Israel and Iran. The Indian Embassy successfully evacuated the first batch of 110 Indian students, mostly from Jammu & Kashmir, via Armenia, marking the start of a broader contingency plan.
1. Nature of Operation Sindhu
- Type: Non-Combatant Evacuation Operation (NEO)
- Objective: Safe repatriation of Indian nationals from Iran amid regional conflict
- Launch Date: June 2025
- Conducting Authority: Ministry of External Affairs (MEA), with diplomatic support from bordering nations
2. Geopolitical and Strategic Significance
- Location: Iran (Northern region, primarily Tehran)
- Transit Country: Armenia (Evacuees crossed into Armenia via land before boarding special flights to New Delhi)
- Complicating Factors: Limited diplomatic leverage with Turkey and Azerbaijan; injuries due to Israeli airstrikes; disrupted essential services
3. India’s Past Evacuation Operations for Comparison
- Operation Raahat (2015): Yemen
- Operation Ganga (2022): Ukraine
- Operation Kaveri (2023): Sudan
- Operation Devi Shakti (2021): Afghanistan
- These precedents show India's consistent diplomatic strategy of citizen-first evacuation, often through third countries, ensuring safe passage and logistical coordination.
4. Evacuation Coordination and Role of Stakeholders
- Indian Embassy in Tehran: Coordination node
- Iranian Government: Provided assurance of cooperation and protection of foreign nationals
- Indian Citizens: Over 4,000 nationals estimated in Iran; significant student population from Kashmir and other states
5. Diplomatic Dependencies
- Positive Support: Armenia, Turkmenistan, Iraq
- Challenges: Turkey and Azerbaijan (less supportive relations due to geopolitical divergences)
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