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12th May 2025 (12 Topics)

India-EU FTA Talks

Context

India and the European Union (EU) commenced the 11th round of negotiations for a proposed Free Trade Agreement (FTA). The negotiations come after a significant pause and are part of a broader strategy to adapt to the evolving global trade landscape.

Background

  • In 2022, India and the 27-nation EU bloc resumed negotiations after a gap of over eight years. It was stalled in 2013 due to differences over the level of opening up of the markets.
  • The India-EU trade pact negotiations cover 23 policy areas or chapters, including Trade in Goods, Trade in Services, Investment, Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, Technical Barriers to Trade, Trade Remedies, Rules of Origin, Customs and Trade Facilitation, Competition, Trade Defence, Government Procurement, Dispute Settlement, Intellectual Property Rights, Geographical Indications, and Sustainable Development.
  • In a related development, India and the United Kingdom recently announced the conclusion of their own free trade agreement negotiations.

Current Trade Dynamics

  • The European Union is India’s largest trading partner, meanwhile, India is the EU’s ninth largest trading partner.
  • As of the fiscal year 2023-24, India’s bilateral trade in goods with the EU reached approximately USD 137.41 billion, making the EU India’s largest trading partner.
  • Indian exports to the EU totaled USD 75.92 billion, while imports stood at USD 61.48 billion.
  • The EU accounts for about 17% of India’s total exports, while India represents around 9% of total EU exports.

What is a Free Trade Agreement?

  • A free trade agreement is a bilateral or multilateral understanding where participating countries consent to eliminate or lower customs duties on the bulk of traded goods. 
  • These agreements also involve reducing non-tariff barriers on substantial imports from partner countries whilst simplifying regulations to enhance services trade and cross-border investments.
  • India has signed Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) with several countries and regional blocs to enhance trade relations and economic cooperation.
  • India’s Total Active and Signed FTAs:
    • 13 currently active and implemented FTAs/CEPAs/CECAs
    • 1 newly signed FTA with UK (May 2025)
    • 1 signed TEPA with EFTA (pending enforcement)
  • Total FTAs signed (including those pending enforcement): 15
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