Mains Question:
Question: In the wake of increasing climate risks, the importance of Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) has peaked. In this regard, discuss the emerging challenges hindering adoption of ESG norms for Indian businesses. (150 words)
Approach
- Introduction- brief about ESG norms
- ESG and sustainability management in India
- Challenges
- Deficiency in understanding of ESG
- Additional liabilities for inaccurate disclosures
- data complexities
- Required measures
- Awareness and understanding of these topics
- need for competent human resources
- utilisation of technology
- Conclude accordingly
Context:
There are reports that the Indian army is developing cryptographic techniques to make its network resistant to attacks from systems with quantum capabilities.
Need for quantum-resistant systems:
- Insecure Traditional encryption: The vulnerabilities of traditional encryption models in existing digital infrastructure put at risk its military applications.
- Encryption standards need an update: Current protocols like the RSA (Rivest–Shamir–Adleman) are insufficient, given the capabilities of quantum cryptographic attacks.
- Dependency on foreign hardware: Quantum cyberattacks can potentially breach any hardened target. India’s dependence on Chinese hardware is an additional vulnerability.
Progress made by countries:
- United States: US National Quantum Initiative Act has allocated $1.2 billion for research in defense-related quantum technology.
- India: India has demonstrated a QKD (Quantum Key Distribution) link between two of its cities. Which is commendable, given the barrage of attacks from Chinese state-sponsored hackers.
- China: China now hosts two of the world’s fastest quantum computers and its quantum advances expand the spectre of quantum cyberattacks against any digital infrastructure.
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