The challenges of renewable energy

Context:

The urgent need for climate action and sustainable development requires a comprehensive understanding of the challenges associated with large-scale renewable energy projects. While India aims for Net Zero GHG emissions by 2070, primarily through a massive transition to renewable energy, the implications of such a transition on local and national development remain uncertain.

Examining Large-scale Solar Parks:

• Local-level Impacts: The expansion of large-scale solar parks, a key component of India's mitigation strategy, presents varied experiences for local communities. In areas like Bhadla, Rajasthan, and Pavagada, Karnataka, farmers face different outcomes, ranging from loss of common lands and livelihoods to steady income from leasing land for solar parks. These experiences underscore the importance of addressing economic disparities and water security issues at the local level.
• Resource Competition: Solar park development may compete for essential resources such as water and land, impacting agriculture, biodiversity, and livelihoods. Current estimates for solar park land do not consider water availability, leading to potential conflicts with agriculture and biodiversity conservation. Moreover, the impacts of large-scale solar projects on biodiversity and ecosystem services are under-researched and location-specific.
• Social and Environmental Considerations: Legal and regulatory frameworks need revision to mitigate adverse social and environmental consequences. Community ownership models and involvement in planning processes can promote equitable development and address concerns regarding land acquisition and fair compensation. Strengthening environmental impact assessments and recognizing commons under the Forest Rights Act can enhance environmental and equity outcomes.

Different Approaches to Mitigate Challenges:

• Ownership Models: Encouraging community ownership of renewable energy projects can generate revenue, stimulate local economies, and improve energy access. This approach fosters inclusivity and aligns with local developmental objectives.
• Innovation in Solar Development: Experimenting with 'agrivoltaics', combining solar energy with agriculture, offers a sustainable approach to renewable energy development. Agrivoltaics not only produce energy but also support agriculture, grazing, and native habitats, promoting environmental and economic sustainability.
• Skill Development and Employment: While large-scale renewable energy projects offer employment opportunities, they also lead to significant employment shifts. Skilling and training programs targeting unskilled and marginalized populations are crucial to ensure inclusive development and protect vulnerable communities.