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16th February 2024 (8 Topics)

UK and Japan Economy has slipped into Recession

Context

Britain’s Economy fell into a recession in the second half of 2023 whereas Japan unexpectedly slipped into a recession at the end of last year which led to Japan losing its title as 3rd largest economy to Germany.

The United Kingdom’s Recession

  1. GDP Woes:
    • The UK, once a powerhouse of economic growth, has stumbled into recession.
    • In 2023, its gross domestic product (GDP) witnessed a 0.3% decline in the final quarter, following a previous contraction of 0.1% from July to September.
    • The Office for National Statistics (ONS) reports that all major sectors—manufacturing, construction, and wholesale—contributed to this downturn.

Japan’s Economic Shift

  • Japan, once the world’s second-largest economy, has slipped to fourth place.
  • In the final quarter of 2023, Japan’s economy contracted, leading to its replacement by Germany as the third-largest economy globally.
  • The annual growth rate for 2023 stood at 1.9%, but the last quarter’s decline of 2.9% signaled a shift in fortunes.

Nominal GDP Tussle:

  • Japan’s nominal GDP reached $4.2 trillion in the past year, while Germany’s hovered at $4.4 trillion (or $4.5 trillion, depending on currency conversion).
  • With over 7% GDP growth in the financial year 2023-24, India aims to claim the coveted title of the third-largest economy globally within the next three years.

What is a recession?

A recession refers to a sustained period of economic decline. It signifies a significant contraction in economic activity.

Types of Recessions

  1. Boom and Bust Recession:
    • Occurs when rapid economic growth leads to inflation.
    • Eventually, interest rates rise, causing a downturn.
  2. Balance Sheet Recession:
    • Coined by economist Richard Koo.
    • Arises when households and businesses focus on reducing debt rather than spending.
    • Common after financial crises.
  3. Supply-Side Shock:
    • Triggered by external factors like oil price hikes.
    • Disrupts production and affects overall economic performance.
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