Environment & Ecology (International Efforts for Biodiversity Conservation) by Rajvardhan

Model Answer

Question #1. Discuss the features of the Global Biodiversity Framework which was accepted at CoP15 of the UN-CBD.  10 marks (150 words)

The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) adopted the post-2020 global biodiversity framework at its 15th Conference of the Parties (COP 15) in Kunming, China, in October 2021. The framework, known as "Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework" (GBF), outlines a shared vision, goals, and targets for achieving the 2050 Vision of "Living in Harmony with Nature" by 2050. It also provides a pathway for the post-2020 implementation of the Convention.

The key features of the global biodiversity framework:

• Shared vision: The framework outlines a shared vision of "Living in Harmony with Nature" by 2050, where people are living in balance with nature and biodiversity is valued, conserved, restored and wisely used, contributing to all aspects of well-being".
• Goals and targets: The framework includes four long-term goals and 23 specific targets to be achieved by 2030. These goals and targets address the main drivers of biodiversity loss and aim to ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of biodiversity.
• Ambitious yet achievable: The framework sets ambitious yet achievable goals and targets, taking into account the different needs and capacities of countries.
• Equity and justice: The framework recognizes the importance of equity and justice in achieving the 2050 Vision, and includes provisions to ensure that the benefits of biodiversity are shared fairly and equitably, and that the rights of indigenous peoples and local communities are respected.
• Implementation: The framework outlines a clear process for implementation, including national-level action plans, financial resources, and capacity building.
• Monitoring and review: The framework includes a robust monitoring and review process to track progress towards the goals and targets and to ensure that the framework is effective.
• The framework recognizes the importance of mainstreaming biodiversity into all sectors of the economy, such as agriculture, forestry, and fisheries.
• It also calls for increased investment in biodiversity conservation, both from governments and the private sector.
• The framework is a living document that can be reviewed and updated as needed.

The global biodiversity framework is a landmark agreement that provides a clear roadmap for achieving the 2050 Vision of "Living in Harmony with Nature". It is now up to all countries to implement the framework effectively and to work together to conserve, restore and sustainably use biodiversity for the benefit of all generations.

Question #2. Discuss the importance of CITES Convention. Also highlight the amendments to the Wildlife Protection Act in 2022. 15 marks (250 words)

Established in 1973, CITES is an international agreement binding 184 countries. It regulates international trade in over 39,000 species of animals and plants, categorized in Appendices based on their conservation status.

Its core principle is the "precautionary approach", meaning trade should only occur if it doesn't threaten species survival. This helps control exploitation and illegal trade, crucial for species like tigers, rhinos, and pangolins.

CITES plays a vital role in:

?Sharing information and expertise: Member countries cooperate to monitor trade and identify illegal activities.

 ?Issuing permits: Trade requires permits ensuring legal and sustainable practices.

 ?Enforcement: Countries take action against illegal trade, deterring poachers and traffickers.

 India's 2022 Wildlife Act Amendments: Passed in July 2022, these amendments aim to align India's WLPA with CITES and address emerging challenges.

Key features include:

?Enhanced penalties: Harsher punishments for wildlife crimes deter offenders and discourage illegal activities.

 ?Improved enforcement: Empowering authorities to better investigate and prosecute wildlife crimes.

?Species inclusion: Aligning protected species lists with CITES Appendices for stronger legal coverage. ?Regulation of invasive species: Controlling trade and introduction of harmful alien species to protect native ecosystems.

 Synergy for Stronger Protection:

• CITES and the amended WLPA work hand-in-hand. By aligning national laws with international agreements, India strengthens its commitment to wildlife conservation and contributes to global efforts.

This combined approach benefits India in several ways:

 ?Reduced wildlife crime: Deterrence and stricter enforcement make illegal activities less attractive.

?Strengthened biodiversity: Conservation of threatened species contributes to healthy ecosystems and ecological balance.

?Improved international standing: Adherence to global regulations enhances India's image as a responsible wildlife protector.

By working together, CITES and national efforts like India's amended WLPA can create a powerful shield for wildlife, ensuring a future where diverse species thrive alongside human communities.