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India’s Updated NDCs
Context:
India is set to submit its updated Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) at COP30 in Brazil, likely with enhanced energy efficiency targets.
India’s Climate Commitments and Global NDC Landscape
India’s NDCs: Background and Evolution
- Previous Commitments (NDC 2.0, 2022)
- Reduce emissions intensity of GDP by 45% of 2005 levels by 2030.
- Source 50% of electric power capacity from non-fossil fuel sources.
- Create a carbon sink of at least 2 billion tonnes by 2030.
- Key Definitions
- Emissions Intensity of GDP: Carbon emissions per unit of GDP; does not equate to net emissions reduction.
- Progress So Far
- Emissions intensity reduced by 33% between 2005 and 2019.
- Installed 50% of power capacity from non-fossil fuel sources as of June 2025.
Updated NDCs (NDC 3.0)
- Objectives
- Likely to reflect emissions reduction trajectory until 2035.
- Demonstrates India’s ongoing climate ambition in energy efficiency and renewable adoption.
- Operational Initiatives
- India Carbon Market to be operationalised by 2026.
- 13 major sectors to have mandatory emission-intensity targets.
- Emission Reduction Certificates (ERCs) will enable trading of excess reductions.
- India Carbon Market to be operationalised by 2026.
Global Context and Comparisons
- Significance of COP30
- Brazil, as COP30 President, focuses on assessing shortfalls in achieving stated NDCs.
- Current NDCs globally, even if fully implemented, insufficient to limit warming to 1.5°C–2°C; projected warming ~3°C by century-end.
- Key Country Targets
- European Union: Net-zero by 2050; proposed 90% reduction by 2040 (relative to 1990). Expected 2035 target: 66.25%-72.5%.
- Australia: Updated NDC targets 62%-70% reduction by 2035 relative to 2005.
- Implication
- Global ambition to reduce emissions remains modest; India’s NDC update contributes to reinforcing collective climate action.
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