Despite being a regional powerhouse, India’s influence in South Asia is facing new challenges.” Analyse in the context of recent developments in Bangladesh and Nepal.

Category: International Relations (GS -II),

Test Date: 28 Mar 2025

India, as the largest and most powerful country in South Asia both economically and militarily, has traditionally played a dominant role in shaping the region’s politics, trade, and security. However, its influence is increasingly being challenged by internal political shifts in neighboring countries like Bangladesh and Nepal, as well as the strategic encroachment of external players like China. The perception of India as a "big brother" has further complicated its regional engagements, sometimes leading to diplomatic tensions.

India’s Diplomatic Position in South Asia

India has historically been the central pillar of South Asian geopolitics, fostering regional cooperation through initiatives like SAARC, BIMSTEC, and BBIN. Its trade and defense partnerships with neighboring nations reinforce its leadership. However, its assertive foreign policy, border disputes, and domestic political developments have occasionally strained relations with its neighbors.

Challenges in Nepal and Bangladesh

Nepal: India’s strained relationship with Nepal is marked by territorial disputes like Kalapani and perceptions of political interference. Nepal’s growing economic and infrastructural ties with China, particularly under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), have further weakened India’s traditional influence.
Bangladesh: The recent regime change and the ousting of Sheikh Hasina’s government—a key ally of India—pose a significant challenge to India’s strategic interests. While India and Bangladesh have strong trade and security ties, unresolved issues such as the Teesta water-sharing agreement and concerns over the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) continue to create friction. With China expanding its investments in Bangladesh, India’s economic influence faces increasing competition.
Way Forward

To maintain its regional leadership, India must recalibrate its approach by adopting a more nuanced diplomatic strategy. Strengthening people-to-people ties, resolving long-standing disputes like Teesta, and enhancing economic engagement through infrastructure and trade cooperation are crucial. Additionally, India must counter China’s influence by offering competitive investment alternatives and prioritizing regional stability. A balance between strategic assertiveness and respectful diplomacy will be key in securing India's long-term influence in South Asia.

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