Context

Pakistan's former president General Pervez Musharraf, who proposed a “four-point solution” for the Kashmir dispute, has died aged 79.

Background:

• Pakistan’s former President General Pervez Musharraf visited India at Agra Summit held in 2001 during the Atal Bihari Vajpayee government.
• The visit was considered one of the most important meetings between Indian and Pakistani leaders in the recent history.
• During the Summit, a 90-minute one-on-one session was held, where the two leaders discussed the Kashmir issue, cross-border terrorism, nuclear risk reduction, the release of prisoners of war, and commercial ties.
• Musharraf proposed a “four-point solution” for the Kashmir dispute.

The ‘Manmohan-Musharraf four-point formula' refers to a series of opaque negotiations between India and Pakistan, on equally opaque terms, which have never been formally disclosed by either government.

What was the Four-point Formula for Kashmir issue?

The Four-point Formula contained 11 or 12 important ingredients, including “substantial demilitarisation beginning with major urban centers with an agreement to keep troops to a minimum along the LoC; this was done, inter alia, also to protect Kashmiris’ human rights”.

• Demilitarisation or phased withdrawal of troops:
  • Millions of troops, on both sides of the Line of Control (LoC),are stationed in Kashmir.
  • According to Musharraf, both India and Pakistanwould have scaled back its troops in the region for a lasting peace.
  • Whether this would be gradual, phased withdrawal or not had to be worked out by the two sides.
• No change of borders of Kashmir: It called for allowing people of Jammu & Kashmir to move freely across the Line of Control (LoC).
  • The LoC is effectively a ceasefire line,which both sides accepted in the Shimla Agreement of 1972.
    
    
    
  • However, neither India nor Pakistan accepts it as the International Border. Both nations claim all of Kashmir.
  • If Musharraf’s plan were to be accepted, India would have to accept Pakistan’s sovereignty over Pakistan Occupied Kashmir(which Pakistan refers to as its province of Azad Kashmir) and in return, Pakistan would accept Indian suzerainty over the part of Jammu and Kashmir on India’s side of the LoC.
  • The ceasefire line would then become the International Borderand both sides would give up claims over the other half of Kashmir.
  • However, the people of Jammu and Kashmirwould be allowed to move freely to the other half of the region.
• Self-governance without independence:
  • Pakistan has long been an advocate of what it calls ‘Kashmiri self-determination’but Musharraf was willing to give that up in favour of a greater measure of autonomy.
  • Vajpayee would likely not have too many objections with this clause of the agreement because the Indian Constitution already allows autonomy for J&K under Article 370.
• A joint supervision mechanism in Jammu and Kashmir involving India, Pakistan and Kashmir:
  • Musharraf’s decision to include local Kashmiri leadershipin the supervision mechanism would have given him a greater chance at selling a potential Musharraf-Vajpayee accord to the people back home in Pakistan.

India’s response to the idea:

• There aroused certain differences to 4 point formula on part of India.
• India Prime Minister Manmohan Singh,however, excluded any consideration of such proposals by emphasizing that the state of Jammu and Kashmir is an integral part of India and there would be no redrawing of the international boundaries or rearrangement of regions that would blow of communal dimensions.
• The Indian claim over the whole area of Jammu and Kashmir, including Pakistani administered Kashmir, was repeated in March 2006.

The doctrine of open borders or soft borders was explained by Manmohan Singh as” making LoC a porous border so that there could be free flow of ideas and people between the two parts of Kashmir which will, according to him, one day make LoC irrelevant.”

• Demilitarization is also not agreeable for India because they consider it as their domestic security related issue.
• Apart from differences over demilitarization, major obstacle in making LoC beside the point is that India considers this decision should be the eventual solution of the Kashmir dispute whereas Pakistan considers this as one of the very important confidence-building measure.
• Accepting LoC as ultimate solution to the issue means Pakistan completely gives up its case on Kashmir.

Treaties between India and Pakistan Karachi Agreement – After the first Indo-Pakistan War in 1947, Karachi Agreement was entered in 1949 which made a Ceasefire line in the State of Jammu and Kashmir known as Line of Control. Liaquat-Nehru Pact: Signed on 8 April 1950, it was a bilateral treaty between India and Pakistan in which refugees were allowed to return to dispose of their property, abducted women and looted property were to be returned, forced conversions were unrecognized, and minority rights were confirmed.  Indus Water Treaty –The Treaty was signed on 18 September 1960 which divided the rivers between India and Pakistan (Indus, Beas, Sutlej, Ravi, Chenab and Jhelum). Tashkent Declaration – To settle the war of 1965, Tashkent Declaration was signed on 10 January 1966 in the capital of Uzbekistan, Tashkent. In this Declaration, both nations agreed to restore all their previous economic relations and agreed to get back to their previous positions as it was before the War. They also agreed to work on their Bilateral and Diplomatic relations. Simla Agreement – After the Indo-Pakistan war which resulted in independence of Bangladesh in 1971, peace Treaty was signed between both of these countries in 1972 in Shimla.