Context

According to a 2018 report, there are 2,967 tigers (increased by 6% since the last census) in the country spread across 53 tiger reserves, a recent update made by the Central government.

About Tiger count in India:

• Every 4 years the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) conducts a tiger census across. The first was conducted in 2006.
• The Census (2014) reported 2,226 tigers in the country, up from 1,706 in 2010.
  
  

Conservation Efforts:

PROJECT TIGER:

• Project Tiger was launched in 1973 for conserving our national animal
• It is a Centrally sponsored scheme of the Ministry of Environment, Forest and climate change
• The project is administered by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA)

NATIONAL TIGER CONSERVATION AUTHORITY:

• It is a statutory
• Established in 2005 following the recommendations of the Tiger Task
• It was Established in 2005, following the recommendations of the Tiger Task
• It was given statutory status by the 2006 amendment of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 for strengthening tiger conservation, as per powers and functions assigned to it.
• Functions under the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change

TIGER RELOCATION PROJECTS:

• The tiger relocation project was initiated in 2018 wherein two big cats, a male (Mahavir) from Kanha Tiger Reserve and a female (Sundari) from Bandhavgarh from Madhya Pradesh were relocated to Satkosia Tiger Reserve in Odisha, to shore up the tiger population in the
• The relocation was meant to serve two purposes:
  • Reducing the tiger population in areas with excess tigers majorly reduces territorial
  • To reintroduce tigers in areas where the population has considerably reduced due to various reasons.

TIGER SPECIAL PROTECTION FORCE:

• It will be effective in checking illegal human intrusion into the reserve through villages located on its fringes and serve as a second layer of protection for tigers
• The decision is in line with Central Government’s guidelines for providing three-tier protection to tigers at reserves
• Three-tier protection for tigers at reserves
• 1st layer of protection: It is provided in the inner range by beat-level forest guards through regular patrols.

2nd layer of protection: It is provided by STPF.

3rd layer of protection: it comes from intelligence-gathering mechanisms in which forest, police and central intelligence agency personnel work together to prevent crimes like the poaching of tigers.

GLOBAL TIGER FORUM:

• It is an Inter-Governmental international body working exclusively for the conservation of
• Established in 1994, the Global Tiger Forum (GTF) has its headquarters in New
• The General Assembly of GTF meets every three
• It is a global commitment to double the world's wild tigers by 2022
• The base year is 2006
• The goal has been set by the world wildlife Fund (WWF) through the Global Tiger Initiative, Global Tiger Forum, and other critical platforms
• All 13 tiger range governments came together for the first time at the Petersburg Summit(Russia- 2010) where they committed to double the number of wild tigers by 2022

GLOBAL TIGER INITIATIVE:

• Global Tiger Initiative (GTI) was launched  in  2008  as  a  global  alliance  of  governments, international organizations, civil society, conservation, and scientific communities, and the private sector, with the aim of working together to save wild tigers from
• In 2013, the scope was broadened to include Snow
• The GTI’s founding partners included the World Bank, the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the Smithsonian Institution, the Save the Tiger Fund, and International Tiger Coalition (representing more than 40 non-government organizations).
• The initiative is led by the 13 tiger range countries (TRCs).

INTEGRATED TIGER HABITAT CONSERVATION PROGRAM (ITHCP):

• ITHCP was launched in 2014. It is a strategic funding mechanism that aims to save tigers in the wild, and their habitats and to support human populations in key locations throughout
• It has already facilitated 12 projects in six countries (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Nepal and Myanmar) to better manage Tiger Conservation Landscapes.
• It is contributing to the Global Tiger Recovery Programme (GTRP), a global effort to double tiger numbers in the wild by 2022.

1. PETERSBURG DECLARATION:

• It aimed at promoting a global system to protect the natural habitat of tigers and raise awareness among people on white tiger conservation
• This resolution was adopted In November 2010, by the leaders of 13 tiger range countries (TRCs) assembled at an International Tiger Forum in Petersburg, Russia
• The resolution’s implementation mechanism is called the Global Tiger Recovery Program whose overarching goal was to double the number of wild tigers from about 3,200 to more than 7,000 by
• 13 Tiger range countries are Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Russia, Thailand and Vietnam.

Challenges:

Although India is moving progressively towards conserving more and more tigers, a few threats are still there standing as a resistance in the conservation practices:

• Tiger reserves with no tigers: Mizoram's Dampa reserve, West Bengal's Buxa reserve and Jharkhand's Palamau reserve have no tigers left.
• Lack of gene exchange: The tiger reserves are having poor interconnectivity with each other due to which the gene exchange among the tiger population can barely take
• Human-tiger conflict: There has occurred a human-tiger conflict as the tiger conservation practice has grown but their natural habitats are already shrinking and hence, they are seeking their habitat in human habitation.
• Poaching: Poaching of tigers is taken as pride and every part of a tiger has a market value therefore they are being hunted indiscriminately for personal as well as commercial
• Development: Linear developments such as that railways and roadways are critical issues in creating conservation.