Published: 2nd Feb, 2024
Context
The Western Equine Encephalitis Virus outbreak was detected in horses in Argentina and Uruguay.
I. Outbreak of Virus
A. Background
- Western Equine Encephalitis Virus (WEEV):Argentina's International Health Regulations National Focal Point reported a human case of Western Equine Encephalitis Virus (WEEV) infection to PAHO/WHO.
B. Outbreak Overview
- Cross-species transmission:Concurrent outbreaks in horses in Argentina and Uruguay highlight the severity and potential for cross-species transmission.
II. Historical Perspective
A. Past Human Cases: Last reported human infections in Argentina were in 1982, 1983, and an isolated event in 1996.The current outbreak underscores the re-emergence of Western Equine Encephalitis after a prolonged hiatus.
B. Regional Context: Previous outbreaks and human cases documented in the U.S. and Canada, with over 3,000 reported cases over the years.
- Virus Threats:The virus, a recombinant of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus (EEEV) and a Sindbis-like virus, poses a significant threat.
III. Virology and Transmission
A. Western Equine Encephalitis Virus (WEEV)
- WEEV belongs to the Togaviridae family, with an 11.5-kilobase single-stranded RNA genome.
- Passerine birds serve as reservoirs, while equine species act as intermediate hosts.
- Mosquitoes, as vectors, transmit the virus to humans, emphasizing the importance of vector control.
IV. Control and Prevention Strategies
A. PAHO/WHO Alert: PAHO/WHO has issued an alert on the risk of WEE spread in the Americas.
B. One Health Approach: Emphasizes collaboration between human, animal, and environmental health sectors.Crucial for effective control and prevention of the virus.
C. Interventions: Environmental modifications, vector control, and equine vaccination recommended in affected and high-risk regions.Enhanced surveillance and detection crucial for preventing further spread.
V. Way Forward
- Public health threat: The Western Equine Encephalitis outbreak in Argentina and Uruguay poses a significant public health threat.
- One Health approach:Immediate and coordinated efforts are essential to curb the spread, with a focus on the One Health approach and targeted interventions.
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