Context

At least 11 people have died following a gas leak in Ludhiana, Punjab. The death is due to inhalation of neurotoxic gas.

What is Neurotoxicity?

• Neuro-toxicity occurs when the exposure to natural or manmade toxic substances (neurotoxicants) alters the normal activity of the nervous system that includes brain, spinal cord, and nerves. 
• Nerve cells, or neurons, communicate with each other through a series of electrical and chemical signals and are at the greatest risk of damage from neurotoxins because of their high metabolic rate.
• Neuro-toxic substances can damage nerve cell function by modifying the structure of the cell membrane, which controls the passage of ions into and out of the neuron. 
• As a result, the electrical activity of the neuron may change. 
• Furthermore, neurotoxins can prevent neurotransmitters from being released or taken up by other neurons, thereby preventing their production or release. 
• Neurotransmitters are responsible for signal transmission between neurons.