A nuanced approach in the South China Sea

Context:

India's stance on the South China Sea has undergone significant evolution, reflecting its broader strategic and economic aspirations on the global stage. Against the backdrop of escalating tensions between Manila and Beijing, India's External Affairs Minister's statement during a visit to Manila in March 2024 signals a departure from its previous cautious approach.

Policy Evolution:

• From Look East to Act East: Initially, India's engagement in the South China Sea was primarily economic under the Look East Policy, focused on economic integration and securing energy resources. However, under Prime Minister Narendra Modi's administration, India transitioned to the Act East Policy, emphasizing strategic partnerships and expanded security cooperation with countries in the Indo-Pacific region.
• Strategic Partnerships and Security Cooperation: The Act East Policy emphasizes not only economic integration but also strategic partnerships and expanded security cooperation with countries like Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines. India has strengthened its capacities through forward positioning, mission-based deployments, and reinforced maritime domain awareness.
• Support for International Maritime Law: India's engagement reflects support for the principle of freedom of exploration and exploitation of maritime resources within the bounds of international law, particularly UNCLOS. This signifies India's commitment to a rules-based international maritime order.

India's Complex Ties with China:

• Historical Border Disputes: India and China have a history of border disputes, intensified since the Galwan Valley incident of 2020. China's assertive posture and periodic incursions into Indian Territory contribute to regional tensions.
• Demonstration of Capability: India's response to Chinese aggression includes sending a frontline warship to the South China Sea, demonstrating India's capability for asymmetric deterrence and commitment to regional security.
• Counter to China's Assertiveness: India's strategic engagements, including naval exercises and military cooperation with Southeast Asian nations, serve as a counter to China's unlawful assertions in the South China Sea and along India's land borders.

The ASEAN Factor:

• Regional Security Implications: India recognizes the critical importance of the South China Sea to regional security and the global maritime order. Disputes in the region impact principles vital for India's trade and energy transportation routes, as well as those of countries across the globe.
• India as a Responsible Stakeholder: As a responsible stakeholder in the Indo-Pacific, India advocates for a rules-based international maritime order, emphasizing UNCLOS. India's centrality in the Indo-Pacific requires it to buttress the ASEAN position and contribute to regional stability.
• Challenges and Imperatives: While advocating for a rules-based order, India faces challenges due to differences within ASEAN. However, India's nuanced approach aims to safeguard its interests while contributing to maintaining peace, stability, and respect for international law in the Indo-Pacific region.