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Genome sequencing and the Genome India Project
Context
The Department of Biotechnology (DBT) recently said that the exercise to sequence 10,000 Indian human genomes and create a database under the Centre-backed Genome India Project is about two-thirds complete.
What is the human genome?
- The human genome is the entire set of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) residing in the nucleus of every cell of each human body.
- It carries the complete genetic information responsible for the development and functioning of the organism.
- Base: The DNA consists of a double-stranded molecule built up by four bases –
- adenine (A)
- cytosine (C)
- guanine (G)
- thymine (T)
- Every base on one strand pairs with a complementary base on the other strand (A with T and C with G).
- In all, the genome is made up of approximately 3.05 billion such base pairs.
What is genome sequencing?
- While the sequence or order of base pairs is identical in all humans, there are differences in the genome of every human being that make them unique.
- The process of deciphering the order of base pairs, to decode the genetic fingerprint of a human is called genome sequencing.
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Application of genome sequencing
- Genome sequencing has been used to evaluate rare disorders, preconditions for disorders, and even cancer from the viewpoint of genetics, rather than as diseases of certain organs.
- Nearly 10,000 diseases — including cystic fibrosis and thalassemia — are known to be the result of a single gene malfunctioning.
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