Centre-State disputes and Article 131

• Kerala has recently become the first state to challenge the Citizenship (Amendment) Act(CAA) before the Supreme Court.
• However, the Kerala government has moved the apex courtunder Article 131 of the Constitution.
• Besides, the Chhattisgarh government has also filed a suit in the Supreme Court under Article 131, challenging the National Investigation Agency (NIA) Act on the ground that it encroaches upon the state’s powers to maintain law and order

• Under Article 131 of the Constitution, the provision under which the Supreme Court has original jurisdiction to deal with any dispute-

(a) between the Government of India and one or more States; or

(b) between the Government of India and any State or States on one side and one or more other States on the other; or

(c) between two or more States, if and in so far as the dispute involves any question (whether of law or fact) on which the existence or extent of a legal right depends.

      What is Article 131?

• The Supreme Court has three kinds of jurisdictions: original, appellate and advisory.
• Under its advisory jurisdiction, the President has the power to seek an opinion from the apex court under Article 143 of the Constitution.
• Under its appellate jurisdiction, the Supreme Court hears appeals from lower courts.
• In its extraordinary original jurisdiction, the Supreme Court has exclusive power to adjudicate upon disputes involving elections of the President and the Vice President, those that involve states and the Centre, and cases involving the violation of fundamental rights.

Criteria:

• For a dispute to qualify as a dispute under Article 131, it has to necessarily be between states and the Centre, and must involve a question of law or fact on which the existence of a legal right of the state or the Centre depends.
• In a 1978 judgment, State of Karnataka v Union of India, Justice P N Bhagwati had said that for the Supreme Court to accept a suit under Article 131, the state need not show that its legal right is violated, but only that the dispute involves a legal question.
• Article 131 cannot be used to settle political differences between state and central governments headed by different parties.

How is this move different?

• The other petitions challenging the CAA have been filed under Article 32 of the Constitution, which gives the court the power to issue writs when fundamental rights are violated.
• A state government cannot move the court under this provision because only people and citizens can claim fundamental rights.
• Under Article 131, the challenge is made when the rights and power of a state or the Centre are in question.
• However, the relief that the state (under Article 131) and petitioners under Article 32 have sought in the challenge to the CAA is the same — declaration of the law as being unconstitutional.

Can the Supreme Court declare legislation unconstitutional under Article 131?

• A 2012 dispute between Bihar and Jharkhand that is currently pending for consideration by a larger Bench deals with the issue of liability of Bihar to pay pension to employees of Jharkhand for the period of their employment in the former, undivided Bihar state.
• Although earlier judgments had held that the constitutionality of a law can be examined under Article 131, a 2011 judgment in the case of State of Madhya Pradesh v. Union of India ruled otherwise.
• Since the 2011 case was also by a two-judge Bench and was later in time, the court could not overrule the case. However, the judges did not agree with the ruling.

Can the Centre too sue a state under Article 131?

• The Centre has other powers to ensure that its laws are implemented. The Centre can issue directions to a state to implement the laws made by Parliament
• If states do not comply with the directions, the Centre can move the court seeking a permanent injunction against the states to force them to comply with the law.
• Non-compliance of court orders can result in contempt of court, and the court usually hauls up the chief secretaries of the states responsible for implementing laws.

Is it unusual for states to challenge laws made by Parliament?

• Under the Constitution, laws made by Parliament are presumed to be constitutional until a court holds otherwise.
• However, in India’s quasi-federal constitutional structure, inter-governmental disputes are not uncommon.
• Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court has been added in the constitution for their resolution. The quasi-federal structure envisaged in 1950 has consolidated into defined powers of the states.
• Under a powerful Centre with a clear majority in Parliament, fault lines in India’s federal structure are frequently exposed.
• Since 2014, when the government came to power, debates around the 15th Finance Commission, the Goods and Services Tax, the linguistic divide on the National Education Policy, land acquisition, and the proposed All India Judicial Services have all emerged as flashpoints between the strong Centre and states ruled by the Opposition.

The disputes which Parliament, by law, is authorized to exclude the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court are:

(i) Disputes relating to water (article 262).

(ii) Matters referred to the Finance Commission.

(iii) Adjustment of certain expenses between the Union and the states under Article 290.

(iv) Disputes specified in the provision to Articles 131 and 363(1).

(v) Adjustment of expenses between the Union and the states under Articles 257 (4) and 258(3).