17th November 2022 (7 Topics)

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The new weather system in the Bay of Bengal likely to impact the north coastal belt

Context

IMD forecasts the formation of a low-pressure area over the southeast Bay of Bengal, thereby increasing the rainfall in the coastal districts of Tamil Nadu.

Details

Details:

The formation of a low-pressure area over the Southeast Bay of Bengal and the adjoining Andaman Sea is expected to intensify into a depression over central parts of the South Bay of Bengal.
Prevailing upper air circulation would influence the formation of the fresh system.
Weather models have indicated rain in the coastal parts of Tamil Nadu.

What is the pressure system?

A pressure system is an area of the Earth’s atmosphere that has a particularly high or low pressure compared to the surrounding
Types of pressure systems are:
- Low-Pressure System
- High-Pressure System

What is a low-pressure system?

A low-pressure area is a region where the atmospheric pressure at sea level is below that of surrounding locations. Low-pressure systems form under areas of wind divergence that occur in upper levels of the troposphere.
A low-pressure system is formed due to localized heating caused by greater sunshine over deserts and other landmasses.
- Since the warm air in localized areas is less dense than the surroundings, the warm air rises, lowering the atmospheric pressure.
- Large-scale thermal lows over continents help create pressure gradients that drive monsoon circulations.
- Due to Earth’s spin and the Coriolis effect, winds of a low-pressure system swirl counterclockwise. This type of flow is known as cyclonic flow.
Around the world, the low-pressure systems are most frequently located over the Tibetan Plateau and the lee of the Rocky Mountains. In Europe, the recurring low-pressure weather system is known as depressions.

High-Pressure System

High-pressure systems are normally associated with light winds at the surface and subsidence at the lower portion of the troposphere.
Subsidence dries out an air mass by adiabatic or compressional heating. Hence, high pressure usually results in clear skies.
Since no clouds are present to obstruct the incoming shortwave solar radiation, the temperature rises during the day.
At night, due to the absence of clouds, the outgoing longwave radiation is not absorbed and results in cooler low temperatures in all seasons
A high-pressure system swirls in the opposite direction from a low-pressure system. This type of flow is known as anticyclonic flow.
In high mountainous areas, rice takes more time to cook because low pressure reduces the boiling point of water.

The seven pressure belts are:

1. Equatorial Low-Pressure Belts

2. Subtropical High-Pressure Belts (two)

3. Circum-Polar Low-Pressure Belts (two)

4. Polar High-Pressure Areas (two)

Vertical Variation of Pressure

In the lower atmosphere, the pressure decreases rapidly with height.
In general, the atmospheric pressure decreases on average at the rate of about 34 millibars every 300 meters of height.
The vertical pressure gradient force is much larger than that of the horizontal pressure gradient. But it is generally balanced by a nearly equal but opposite gravitational force. Hence, we do not experience strong upward winds.
Due to gravity, the air at the surface is denser and hence has higher pressure. Since air pressure is proportional to density as well as temperature, it follows that a change in either temperature or density will cause a corresponding change in pressure.
The pressure decreases with height. At any elevation, it varies from place to place and its variation is the primary cause of air motion, i.e., wind which moves from high-pressure areas to low-pressure areas.
A rising pressure indicates fine, settled weather, while a falling pressure indicates unstable and cloudy weather.

Horizontal Distribution of Pressure

An isobar is a line connecting points that have equal values of pressure. Isobars are analogous to the contour lines on a relief map.

The distribution of atmospheric pressure over the globe is known as the horizontal distribution of pressure.
It is shown on maps with the help of
The spacing of isobars expresses the rate and direction of change in air pressure.
This change in air pressure is referred to as the pressure gradient.
- The pressure gradient is the ratio between the pressure difference and the actual horizontal distance between two points.
Close spacing of isobars expresses a steep pressure gradient while wide spacing indicates a gentle pressure gradient.
The horizontal distribution of atmospheric pressure is not uniform in the world. It varies from time to time at a given place; it varies from place to place over short distances.
The factors responsible for variation in the horizontal distribution of pressure are as follows:

Air temperature
The earth’s rotation
Presence of water vapor

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