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The vulnerabilities of India’s elderly
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Context
The ageing phenomenon in India has witnessed remarkable improvements in human longevity, accompanied by declining birth rates. However, this demographic shift brings forth challenges related to vulnerabilities faced by the elderly population. Beyond mere age, these vulnerabilities encompass various aspects of daily life and well-being.
Vulnerabilities of the Elderly:
- Introduction to the Issue: The elderly in India face multiple vulnerabilities, including restrictions in daily activities, multi-morbidity, poverty, and lack of income. According to the Longitudinal Ageing Survey of India (LASI, 2017-18), about 20% of the elderly population experience these vulnerabilities.
- Impact of Longevity and Familial Transition: The rising elderly population should be viewed alongside familial transitions. Households with elderly members are increasingly characterized by dependence, care needs, and the necessity for social security and financial protection.
- Diverse Challenges: The future elderly may face better educational and economic conditions but will encounter adversities in health and quality of living due to chronic ailments. The notion of healthy ageing should thus focus on preparing the prospective elderly population.
Global Elderly Population Trends and Policy Implications:
- Rising Numbers: By mid-century, India’s elderly population is projected to reach 319 million, growing by 3% annually. A significant proportion will be women, with 54% being widows.
- Health Concerns: 75% of the elderly suffer from chronic diseases, with diabetes and cancer being prevalent. Mental health issues, such as depression, affect 20% of those above 45.
- Food Insecurity: Approximately 6% of individuals above 45 face food insecurity, affecting nutrition and health outcomes.
Challenges of Implementation and Ensuring Inclusivity:
- Awareness and Utilization of Welfare Measures: Despite existing welfare provisions, awareness is low, with only 12% knowing about the Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007.
- Social and Familial Abuse: About 5% of the elderly report abuse, especially in rural areas where women are the most neglected.
- Creating Social Agency: There is an urgent need to establish innovative institutions to transform the elderly from perceived liabilities to assets, ensuring an active life course for the future elderly.
UPSC Mains Questions
Q. Examine the impact of familial transition on the living conditions of the elderly in India. How can policies be tailored to better address the needs of households with elderly members?
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