US achieves first moon landing in half century

The United States have achieved first moon landing in half century with private spacecraft.

• A spacecraft built and flown by Texas-based company Intuitive Machines landed near the moon's south pole.
• It is the first U.S. touchdown on the lunar surface in more than half a century and the first ever achieved by the private sector.
  • The landing represented the first controlled descent to the lunar surface by a U.S. spacecraft since Apollo 17 in 1972, when NASA's last crewed moon mission landed there with astronauts Gene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt.
• Spacecraft: six-legged robot lander, dubbed Odysseus.
• Landing:As planned, the spacecraft was believed to have come to rest at a crater named Malapert A near the moon's south pole.
• Instruments:The vehicle is carrying a suite of scientific instruments and technology demonstrations for NASA and several commercial customers designed to operate for seven days on solar energy before the sun sets over the polar landing site.
• Objective:The NASA payload will focus on collecting data on space weather interactions with the moon's surface, radio astronomy and other aspects of the lunar environment for future landers and NASA's planned return of astronauts later in the decade.
• The arrival of Odysseus also marks the first "soft landing" on the moon ever by a commercially manufactured and operated vehicle and the first under NASA's Artemis lunar program, as the U.S. races to return astronauts to Earth's natural satellite before China lands its own crewed spacecraft there.

What is soft landing?

• A soft landing entails a successful landing by a spacecraft without sustaining any significant damage to itself or its payloads.
• Whereas, in a hard landing, the probe suffers damage which may result in the failure of the mission.

Why is landing on Moon challenging?

• Less gravity than Earth:The Moon has much less gravity than the Earth. Its thin and tenuous atmosphere, along with lunar dust, also makes it tough for spacecraft to land.
• Dust:The presence of dust, even in very small quantities, can have a significant effect on temperature control and optical performance of hardware on the lunar surface.
• Deep space communication also poses a challenge as the “large distance from the Earth and the limited on-board and radio signals are weak with heavy background noises that need to be picked up by large antennas”.