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Avian Flu

Published: 25th Apr, 2024

Context

Amid fears of avian flu spreading, mass bird deaths have been reported from Muttar and Ambalappuzha North in Alappuzha district.

What is bird flu?

  • Avian influenza or Bird Flurefers to the disease caused by infection with avian (bird) influenza (flu) Type A viruses.
  • These viruses occur naturally among wild aquatic birds worldwide and can infect domestic poultry and other bird and animal species.
  • It is a zoonotic diseasethat affects wild and domestic bird populations.
  • Avian flu viruses do not normally infect humans.

Spread:

  • The disease makes its presence felt particularly during winter in most of India and other parts of the globe.
  • This is because, as wintering, migratory birds arriveand bring pathogens with them.
  • Temperature is also a factor: the virus thrives better in cooler climes, thus enabling its spread during winter.

Types of Influenza Virus:

  • There are four types of influenza viruses: influenza A, B, C, and D
  • Influenza A and B are the two types of influenza that cause epidemic seasonal infections nearly every year.
  • Influenza C mainly occurs in humans but has been known to also occur in dogs and pigs.
  • Influenza D is found mainly in cattle. It’s not known to infect or cause illness in humans yet.

Avian influenza Type A viruses:

  • Type A viruses are classified based on two proteins on their surfaces – Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA). There are about 18 HA subtypes and 11 NA subtypes.
  • Several combinations of these two proteins are possible e.g., H5N1, H7N2, H9N6, H17N10, H18N11, etc.
  • All known subtypes of influenza A viruses can infect birds, except subtypes H17N10 and H18N11, which have only been found in bats.
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