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26th July 2025 (14 Topics)

Thailand–Cambodia Border Conflict

Context

Thailand declares martial law along Cambodia border; PM's 'state of war' warning

Background:

  • Nature: Territorial dispute over border demarcation and temple ownership.
  • Disputed Sites:
    • Preah Vihear Temple (UNESCO World Heritage Site)
    • Prasat Ta Muen Thom Temple Complex
  • Colonial Legacy: Based on a 1907 map drawn during French colonial rule in Cambodia; Thailand contests its accuracy.
  • Ethnic and Historical Roots: Both temples were built by the Khmer Empire (11th–12th century), currently lying near the Dângrêk Mountains.

Strategic and Cultural Significance:

  • Preah Vihear Temple:
    • Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva.
    • Located atop a cliff, offering strategic military advantage.
    • Cambodia secured UNESCO status in 2008, triggering Thai backlash.
  • Prasat Ta Muen Thom Complex:
    • Shiva temple; part of a tri-complex with religious and medicinal roles.
    • Located along the ancient Khmer road system, indicating its importance in trade and religion.

International Legal Dimension

  • ICJ Rulings:
    • 1962: Preah Vihear Temple awarded to Cambodia.
    • 2013: ICJ reaffirmed its verdict, stating the land around the temple also belongs to Cambodia.
    • Thailand's Position: Accepted 1962 ruling but rejected 2013 clarification.
    • Proposed Demilitarized Zone: ICJ suggested this in 2013 to prevent future clashes.

Recent Development:

  • Military Escalation:
    • Armed clashes resumed in the Dangrek Mountains region (2024–25).
    • Use of airstrikes and heavy artillery.
  • Diplomatic Fallout:
    • Borders closed.
  • Cambodia imposed trade restrictions on Thai imports.
    • Embassies scaled down.
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