Thailand–Cambodia Border Conflict

Context

Thailand declares martial law along Cambodia border; PM's 'state of war' warning

Background:

Nature: Territorial dispute over border demarcation and temple ownership.
Disputed Sites:
- Preah Vihear Temple (UNESCO World Heritage Site)
- Prasat Ta Muen Thom Temple Complex
Colonial Legacy: Based on a 1907 map drawn during French colonial rule in Cambodia; Thailand contests its accuracy.
Ethnic and Historical Roots: Both temples were built by the Khmer Empire (11th–12th century), currently lying near the Dângrêk Mountains.

Strategic and Cultural Significance:

Preah Vihear Temple:
- Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva.
- Located atop a cliff, offering strategic military advantage.
- Cambodia secured UNESCO status in 2008, triggering Thai backlash.
Prasat Ta Muen Thom Complex:
- Shiva temple; part of a tri-complex with religious and medicinal roles.
- Located along the ancient Khmer road system, indicating its importance in trade and religion.

International Legal Dimension

ICJ Rulings:
- 1962: Preah Vihear Temple awarded to Cambodia.
- 2013: ICJ reaffirmed its verdict, stating the land around the temple also belongs to Cambodia.
- Thailand's Position: Accepted 1962 ruling but rejected 2013 clarification.
- Proposed Demilitarized Zone: ICJ suggested this in 2013 to prevent future clashes.

Recent Development:

Military Escalation:
- Armed clashes resumed in the Dangrek Mountains region (2024–25).
- Use of airstrikes and heavy artillery.
Diplomatic Fallout:
- Borders closed.
Cambodia imposed trade restrictions on Thai imports.
- Embassies scaled down.