17th January 2024 (9 Topics)

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The Evolution and Advantages of Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs)

Context

The emergence of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as the lighting choice of the 21st century, recognized by the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2014, marks a significant shift from traditional incandescent bulbs and fluorescent lamps

Diodes: Foundations of LED Technology

What are diodes?

A diode, a fundamental electronic component, allows the flow of current in only one direction through a p-n junction.
This junction comprises a p-type material with positive charge-carriers (holes) and an n-type material with negative charge-carriers (electrons).

How does a diode work?

An electric field applied across the diode encourages electrons to flow from the n-side to the p-side, creating an electric current.
This one-way flow is crucial in electronic circuits.

LEDs: Harnessing Light Emission

What is an LED?

An LED is a diode that emits light through
In the p-n junction, electrons, having more energy than holes, emit light when occupying a hole.
The band gap, the energy difference between electron energy levels, determines the emitted light's frequency.

What is the band gap?

The band gap, crucial in LED functioning, represents the energy required for electrons to jump from lower to higher energy levels.
In LEDs, the energy released during electron-hole recombination corresponds to the band gap, determining the emitted light's color.

What colors can an LED produce?

By carefully selecting materials for the p-layer and the n-layer, researchers engineer LEDs to emit visible light.
LEDs can produce red, green, and blue, allowing the creation of a spectrum of colors on display boards and various applications.

Need for LEDs:

Efficiency and Advantages

Why are LEDs prized?

Even before Haitz's law, LEDs were valued for surpassing incandescent bulbs and fluorescent lamps in efficiency.
Haitz's law predicts a 10x drop in cost and a 20x increase in light output every decade.
LEDs provide up to 300 lumens per watt, compared to incandescent bulbs' 16 lumens and fluorescent lamps' 70 lumens per watt.

Applications and Benefits

LEDs, with their durability and energy efficiency, find applications in diverse fields – from consumer electronics to industrial settings.
Their advantages include higher cost savings, less material waste, and enhanced performance in various devices, including smartphones, TV screens, and even air quality monitoring.

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Science & Technology

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Geography

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Governance