17th January 2023 (7 Topics)

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The Provident Fund pension scheme in India

Context

Even though it has been over two months since the Supreme Court of India reiterated its approval of higher pensions, the government has no standing to raise the pensions under the Employees’ Pension Scheme (EPS), 1995.

Background

In October 2016, the top court rejected the EPFO’s notion of a cut-off date and held that the cut-off date, as in the EPS rules, was meant to calculate the pensionable salary only.
- An estimate shows that 24,672 pensioners got the benefit of higher pension.
Meanwhile, effective from September 1, 2014, the Centre made certain changes to the EPS which dealt with limiting the scheme’s applicability to those earning a monthly pensionable salary up to ?15,000.
- This was a new basis of determination for the pensionable salary and requirement of employees and employers to give a fresh option, within six months and extendable by another six months, on contributions that exceeded the statutory ceiling (now ?15,000).
- The decision was quashed by three High Courts and the matter went to the Supreme Court again.

Judgment by SC in a nutshell:

Employees who were existing EPS members(as on September 1, 2014) can contribute up to 8.33 per cent of their ‘actual’ salaries — as against 8.33 per cent of the pensionable salary capped at 15,000 a month — towards pension.
The court, however, read down certain provisions concerning the current subscribers to the scheme.
- The amendment required members to contribute an additional 1.16 per cent of their salary exceeding Rs.15,000 a month as ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the provisions of the Employees’ Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952.
The amendments to the scheme shall apply to employees of exempted establishments as they do to employees of regular establishments.

There are about 1,300 companies in the EPFO’s exempted establishments list.

Extended time: The ruling gives EPFO members (who have availed of the EPS) another opportunity over the next four months to opt.

What was the Employees’ Pension Scheme (EPS), 1995?

The Employees’ Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952originally did not provide for any pension scheme.
1995 Amendment: In 1995, through an amendment, a scheme was formulated for employees’ pensions, wherein the pension fund was to comprise a deposit of 8.33 per cent of the employers’ contribution to be made towards provident fund corpus.
Maximum pensionable salary:5, 000 per month which later rose to Rs 6,500.

Understanding the Pension Maths:

The Employees’ Pension Scheme aims to provide employees with a pension after the age of 58.
Contribution: Both the employee and the employer contribute 12 per cent of the employee’s basic salary and dearness allowance to the EPF.
Diversion of employer contribution: The employee’s entire part goes to EPF, while the 12 per cent contribution made by the employer is split as
- 3.67 per cent contribution to EPF
- 8.33 per cent contribution to EPS
Government’s contribution: Apart from this, the Government of India contributes 1.16 per cent as well for an employee’s pension. Employees do not contribute to the pension scheme.

What changed with the 2014 Amendment?

The scheme was amended in 2014.
Raised salary cap: It increased the pensionable salary cap to Rs 15,000 a month from Rs 6,500 a month.
Allowed Employee contribution: It allowed members along with their employers to contribute 8.33 per cent of their actual salaries (if it exceeded the cap) towards the EPS.
- It gave all EPS members, as on September 1, 2014, six months to opt for the amended scheme (extendable by another six months).
Additional contribution: The amendment, however, required such members (with actual salaries over Rs 15,000 a month) to contribute an additional 1.16 per cent of their salary exceeding Rs 15,000 a month towards the pension fund.
Those who did not exercise the option within the stipulated or extended period were deemed to have not opted for contribution over the pensionable salary cap. With this, the extra contributions already made to the pension fund were to be diverted to the Provident Fund account of the member, along with interest.

Employment Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO):

EPFO is one of the World's largest Social Security Organisations in terms of clientele and the volume of financial transactions undertaken.

At present, it maintains 24.77 crore accounts (Annual Report 2019-20) pertaining to its members. The central board of trustees which administers the EPFO runs three schemes - EPF Scheme 1952, Pension Scheme 1995(EPS) and Insurance Scheme 1976 (EDLI).

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The Provident Fund pension scheme in India

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