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21st February 2025 (11 Topics)

Bhoo Kanoon

Context

The Uttarakhand Cabinet approved the Bhoo Kanoon (Land Laws) amendment, which imposes stricter regulations on the purchase and sale of agricultural, horticultural, and residential lands by non-residents in 11 hill districts. The amendment aims to protect the state’s resources, culture, and the rights of local citizens.

What is Bhoo Kanoon?

  • Bhoo Kanoon refers to the land laws in Uttarakhand, which govern the purchase, sale, and ownership of land in the state.
  • These laws are designed to regulate land transactions, particularly concerning non-residents (outsiders) and to protect the interests of the local population, agriculture, and cultural heritage.
  • Key Aspects of Bhoo Kanoon:
    • Restrictions on Non-Residents: The law imposes strict restrictions on non-residents purchasing land, particularly agricultural land, in sensitive or hilly areas to prevent the exploitation of land by outsiders.
      • Earlier, non-residents could purchase agricultural land, with certain exceptions. However, under the new amendments, a blanket ban has been placed on the purchase of agricultural land in several hill districts, such as Dehradun, Chamoli, and Almora.
    • Residential Land: There were previously no restrictions on buying residential land, but the amended law introduces stricter conditions to preserve the state's original identity and avoid outside encroachments.
    • Preservation of Culture: The law is intended to safeguard Uttarakhand’s resources, agriculture, and local culture, ensuring that land remains in the hands of residents who are most invested in the state's welfare.

Other laws and initiatives in India

  • Jammu & Kashmir (J&K) Reorganization Act, 2019: Following the abrogation of Article 370, which gave special status to J&K, the Act was introduced to regulate land ownership.
  • Himachal Pradesh Tenancy and Land Reforms Act, 1972 regulates land ownership in Himachal Pradesh and restricts non-residents from buying agricultural land in the state.
  • Land Ceiling Laws (Various States): Many Indian states, such as Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu, have implemented land ceiling laws to limit the maximum amount of land an individual or family can own.
  • The Punjab Security of Land Tenures Act, 1953 protects the rights of tenants and agricultural workers in Punjab, limiting the extent of land that can be owned by non-agriculturalists.
  • Sikkim Land Revenue and Land Reform Act, 1961 restricts the ownership of land in Sikkim to Sikkimese citizens.
  • Madhya Pradesh Land Revenue Code, 1959 governs the sale, transfer, and inheritance of land in Madhya Pradesh.
  • The Kerala Land Reforms Act, 1963: The Act regulates land ownership and tenancy in Kerala with a focus on limiting land concentration and promoting the welfare of landless farmers.
  • The Assam Land and Revenue Regulation, 1886: The Act regulates land transactions in Assam and has special provisions for protecting tribal land.
  • The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 (FRA): This law grants land rights to tribal communities and forest dwellers for the land they have historically lived on or cultivated.
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