GS Analyst: Daily Current Affairs

India and Malaysia have decided to elevate their Enhanced Strategic Partnership to a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership. 

Key-highlights

• The Enhanced Strategic Partnership between the two countries is going to complete its 10 years, and in the last two years, there has been a new momentum and energy in their partnership.
• Bilateral Cooperation:
  • MoUs Signed: Agreements were signed on various fronts, including recruitment and employment of workers, Ayurveda, digital technologies, culture, tourism, public administration, youth and sports, and financial services.
  • Economic and Trade: Bilateral trade reached a record high of USD 19.5 billion. Both sides encouraged further industry cooperation and investments and discussed the review of the ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement (AITIGA).
  • Defence: Both countries committed to expanding defence cooperation, including joint exercises and capacity building.
• Digital and Technological Cooperation: A MoU on Digital Technologies was signed, aiming to establish the Malaysia-India Digital Council and enhance collaboration in areas like 5G, quantum computing, and cybersecurity.
• Education and Capacity Building: Malaysia welcomed the allocation of 100 seats under India’s Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) Programme and the establishment of academic chairs in Ayurveda and Indian Studies.
• Tourism and People-to-People Ties: Both leaders agreed to promote tourism, streamline visa regimes, and enhance connectivity. Malaysia’s designation of 2026 as “Visit Malaysia” was noted.
• Climate Change and Sustainability: Both countries committed to advancing sustainable energy and climate adaptation efforts and welcomed Malaysia’s participation in the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA).

Significance of Malaysia for India

• Cooperation in multilateral forums: Malaysia is an important partner of India in ASEAN and the Indo-Pacific region. India gives priority to ASEAN centrality. They also collaborate in global forums such as the UN, G20, and the World Trade Organisation (WTO)
• Trade: Bilateral trade between India and Malaysia is already robust, with a volume of around US$20 billion. Malaysia is India’s 16th largest trading partner, while India ranks among the top ten trading partners for Malaysia.
  • Malaysia ranks as the 31st largest investor in India with FDI inflow of $3.3 billion.
• Trade in respective currency: The two countries have also initiated the practice of settling bilateral trade in their respective currencies, the Indian Rupeeand the Malaysian Ringgit, which is seen as a significant step towards reducing dependency on third-party currencies like the US dollar.
• Defence Cooperation: Defence cooperation between India and Malaysia is a key aspect of their bilateral relationship, underscored by a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on Defence Cooperation signed in 1993. An amendment to the MoU was signed in July 2023.
  • The 12th edition of the Malaysia-India Defence Cooperation (MIDCOM) was held in September 2023 in New Delhi.
  • Indian Navy ships frequently visit Malaysian ports, fostering naval interaction amidst the context of territorial disputes in the South China Sea involving China.

India and Japan held a fresh edition of "2+2" dialogue amid China's increasing military muscle-flexing in the region.

What is “2+2” dialogue?

• The "2+2" dialogue is a high-level diplomatic and strategic meeting format where the Foreign and Defence Ministers of two countries come together to discuss and coordinate on bilateral and regional security issues. This format aims to deepen cooperation on security, defence, and strategic matters, reflecting the importance both countries place on their relationship.
• The "2+2" dialogue is part of a select group of high-level strategic consultations that India has with a few countries, including the United States, Australia, and Russia.

Key Highlights of the India-Japan "2+2" Dialogue

• The dialogue takes place within the broader framework of a free, open, and rules-based Indo-Pacific region, reflecting concerns about China's increasing military assertiveness.
• It emphasizes the strategic partnership between India and Japan, which has evolved into a special strategic and global partnership over the past decade.
• Strategic Partnership:
  • The dialogue underscores the deepening of the India-Japan partnership, which is based on shared democratic values and adherence to the rule of law.
  • Both sides aim to build upon their strategic cooperation to address common challenges and foster a stable and secure Indo-Pacific region.
• Defence Cooperation: The discussion highlights the importance of the defence partnership in achieving India’s goal of becoming a developed nation by 2047, with a focus on enhancing domestic defence capabilities.
  • The two countries also reviewed the progress made for the transfer of Japan’s Nora-50 naval antenna, also known as “Unicorn (Unified Complex Radio Antenna)” and related technologies to India for naval warships to detect missile and unmanned aerial platforms.
  • Once materialised, this will be Japan’s first transfer of a military technology to India under a 2015 agreement.
• Bilateral and Regional Impact: The partnership aims to contribute to freedom, inclusivity, and transparency in the Indo-Pacific, crucial for maintaining regional stability.

The Union Public Service Commission's (UPSC) decision to seek "talented and motivated Indian nationals" for lateral recruitment to senior positions within the country's bureaucracy kicked up a major row.  The move was criticised for not having any reservations for Scheduled Caste (SC), Scheduled Tribe (ST), and Other Backward Classes (OBC) candidates in the lateral entry into the bureaucracy.

What is Lateral Entry?

• Lateral entry allows the government to hire individuals from outside the usual recruitment processes directly into mid-level and senior positions.
• This is intended to bring in specialized skills and new perspectives to improve governance.
• Those hired through lateral entry are initially on three-year contracts, which can be extended up to five years.
• Origins of the Scheme
  • 1966: The idea was discussed by the First Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) under Morarji Desai. Although not specifically advocating for lateral entry, the commission emphasized the need for specialized skills in the bureaucracy.
  • 2005: The Second Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) endorsed the concept as a way to improve expertise and bring fresh viewpoints.
  • 2017: The NITI Aayog recommended lateral entry in its Action Agenda to enhance the central government’s capabilities.

Controversy Over Reservations

• Lateral entry positions are not covered by the reservation system (which includes quotas for Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), Other Backward Classes (OBC), and Economically Weaker Sections (EWS)).
• This is because these positions are considered "Single Posts" under the "13-point roster" policy, meaning the reservation quotas do not apply.
• As a result, lateral entry appointments can be made without adhering to reservation guidelines, leading to criticism for not including reserved categories.

A massive landslide has severely damaged the National Hydroelectric Power Corporation’s (NHPC) Teesta Stage 5 dam in Sikkim, India.

About the Project

• The Teesta V Power Station is one of 24 power stations owned and operated by the National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC Ltd.).
• It is located in the state of Sikkim, India, on the Teesta River, which originates from the Cho Lamo glacier above 7,068 metres and flows southward through steep slopes and extremely rugged terrain into the foothills of the Sikkim Himalaya and West Bengal
• The project was under restoration following the glacial outburst in October last year, which had caused significant damage.

The Centre has recently launched a pilot project to transform a select number of ration shops into ‘Jan Poshan Kendras’ or public nutrition centers. This initiative is part of a broader effort to modernize and enhance the effectiveness of the public distribution system (PDS) in India. The goal is to improve the nutritional value and income potential of these shops, addressing both the needs of consumers for better food options and the financial concerns of ration dealers.

About the Project

• The project aims to revamp 60 fair price shops (FPS) in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Telangana, and Uttar Pradesh into Jan Poshan Kendras.
• These centers are intended to improve the viability of FPSs by offering a wider range of nutrition-rich food items and increasing the income of ration dealers.
• Features:

• Product Range: The Jan Poshan Kendras will stock 50% of their products with nutrition-rich food items, while the remaining 50% will include other household essentials.
• Additional Measures: The project includes several new tools and systems:
• FPS Sahay Application: Provides paperless, collateral-free financing for ration dealers.
• Mera Ration App 2.0: Offers consumers updated information on the public distribution system.
• Quality Management Systems: Includes new quality control measures and manuals.
• Accreditation: NABL accreditation for three laboratories to ensure quality testing.

• Expected Outcomes:

• Enhanced Food Security: By offering better quality nutrition, the initiative aims to improve public health and reduce malnutrition.
• Increased Transparency and Efficiency: New digital tools are expected to streamline operations and reduce corruption and inefficiencies.
• Improved Dealer Income: By diversifying product offerings, FPS dealers can increase their earnings.

The Reserve Bank of India's (RBI) inflation-targeting regime is currently a hot topic due to ongoing debates about its effectiveness and potential need for adjustments. A recent research paper titled 'Inflation Targeting In India: A Further Assessment' highlights that while the regime has largely succeeded, some refinements could enhance its effectiveness.

What is RBI’s inflation targeting?

• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) adopted a Flexible Inflation Targeting (FIT) framework in 2015.
• RBI's inflation-targeting regime was implemented in February 2015 and it got formalised in May 2016.
• Accordingly, the government announced, via the Official Gazette, 4% Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation as the target from August 5, 2016, with an upper tolerance limit of 6% and a lower limit of 2%.
• This was a watershed reform as until then monetary policy in India was not governed by a clear, well-defined objective.
• FIT gave the RBI the legal mandate of achieving price stability, while keeping an eye on growth.

Key Takeaways

• Effectiveness of Inflation Targeting: RBI's inflation-targeting regime has helped lower and stabilize inflation, making it less volatile and improving monetary policy transmission.
• Recommendation on Food Price Inflation: The paper suggests reducing the weight of food price inflation in the Consumer Price Index (CPI) basket. This is based on the idea that food prices are heavily influenced by supply-side factors, which monetary policy cannot directly address. Adjusting this weight could make the inflation measure more reflective of typical household experiences.
• Current Regime Adequacy: The current inflation target of 4%, with a +/-2 percentage point tolerance band (2%-6%), is deemed broadly appropriate. The paper argues against abandoning or significantly altering this framework in favor of a more discretionary approach, which could introduce risks and inefficiencies.

The Union Textile Ministry recently mentioned that it has undertaken various measures for promoting the handloom sector.

Major Schemes

• National Handloom Development Programme: Under the Programme, financial assistance is provided to eligible handloom organisations/workers for upgraded looms and accessories, solar lighting units, construction of worksheds, product and design development, technical and common infrastructure, marketing of handloom products in domestic/overseas markets, etc.
• Weavers’ MUDRA Loan/Concessional Credit Scheme: Under the scheme, margin money assistance for individual weaver and Handloom Organizations; interest subvention and credit guarantee fees on loans for a period of three years are provided.
• Raw Material Supply Scheme: The Ministry provides transport subsidy, for transportation of yarn to the doorstep of the beneficiary, and 15 per cent price subsidy on Cotton Hank Yarn, Domestic Silk, Woollen and Linen yarn and blended yarn of natural fibres.
• Handloom Export Promotion Council: For export promotion of handloom products, Handloom Export Promotion Council has been participating/organizing international marketing fairs/events for providing prominence to Indian handloom products globally.
• The 'India Handloom' Brand was launched on August 7, 2015, on the occasion of the National Handloom Day, to brand high-quality handloom products with zero defects. Since the launch of the "India Handloom" Brand, 1,998 registrations have been issued under 184 product categories.
• GeM Onboarding:Allows weavers to sell directly to government departments via the Government e-Marketplace (GeM).
• Handloom Producer Companies: 124 companies formed across states, with UNDP aiding in the capacity building of 100 of these companies.
• Engagement with E-commerce Entities: Collaboration with 23 e-commerce platforms to expand market access for handloom products.
• Design Resource Centers (DRCs):Established in major cities to enhance design excellence in handlooms.
• Weavers’ Welfare Scheme: Includes National Handloom Development Programme (NHDP), Comprehensive Handloom Cluster Development Scheme (CHCDS), Handloom Weavers’ Comprehensive Welfare Scheme (HWCWS), Yarn Supply Scheme (YSS), and Hathkargha Samvardhan Sahayata.
• Handloom Export Scheme: Supports the export of handloom products and participation in international fairs.
• GI Tags: From April 2023 to March 2024, the government awarded GI tags to several handloom products, enhancing their recognition and economic value. These products include:
  • Barabanki Handloom Products from Uttar Pradesh
  • Chedibutta Saree from Tamil Nadu
  • Jodhpur Bandhej Craft from Rajasthan
  • Basohli Pashmina Woolen Products from Jammu & Kashmir
  • Rangwali Pichhoda of Kumaon from Uttarakhand
  • Tangail Sareefrom West Bengal
  • Garad Sareefrom West Bengal
  • Korial sareefrom West Bengal

The recent brutal rape and murder of a young doctor in Kolkata has reignited discussions on the effectiveness of India's laws against violence and abuse towards women. Despite the strengthening of rape laws since the 2012 Nirbhaya case, there remains a critical gap in addressing related crimes such as dowry deaths, domestic violence, and stalking, which undermine the overall legal deterrence against such heinous acts.

Inadequacies in the Current Legal Framework

• Dowry Deaths: In 2022, India reported 6,516 dowry deaths, with one woman dying every 90 minutes due to cruelty from her husband and his family. The low conviction rate and prevalence of "blood money" settlements, which are accepted by the police and courts, further dilute the legal consequences for perpetrators.
• Domestic Violence: Domestic violence remains severely under-addressed, with the law prescribing only up to three years of imprisonment. This leniency in bail norms often leads to quick releases of offenders, failing to provide justice for victims who face ongoing abuse.
• Stalking and Harassment: Lax bail provisions and ineffective legal responses contribute to the persistence of stalking and harassment. Accused individuals often feel emboldened due to the weak enforcement of laws, which fails to curb their criminal behavior before more severe crimes occur.

Impact of Legal Weaknesses

• Lack of Deterrence: The lack of rigorous legal action for crimes like domestic violence and dowry deaths reinforces a culture of impunity. The persistent lack of appropriate legal responses enables offenders to act without fear of significant consequences.
• Compromises and Legal Delays: The practice of allowing "compromises" and delays in trials undermines the legal system's ability to deliver justice. High rates of cases being disposed of without trial contribute to a perception of ineffectiveness and encourages further abuse.
• Need for Graded Penal Provisions: The legal system requires graded penal provisions that reflect the severity of the crime. This approach would ensure that more severe crimes, such as forcible disrobing or stalking with intent to commit sexual assault, receive appropriate legal responses from the outset.

Recommendations for Reform

• Fast-Track Trials: To improve justice for victims, the criminal justice system must be equipped to handle cases of violence against women in a fast-track manner. Expedited trials can prevent prolonged suffering and ensure timely justice.
• Effective Penal Measures: Courts should implement strict penal measures and reject extrajudicial compromises. A robust legal framework is essential to instill fear among perpetrators and prevent the normalization of violence against women.
• Judicial Reforms: The legal system needs significant reforms to handle crimes against women effectively. This includes addressing the high number of pending cases and ensuring that offenders face substantial penalties to enhance deterrence.

Mains Question:

Q. Critically analyze the effectiveness of India's legal framework in addressing crimes against women, including dowry deaths, domestic violence, and harassment. Discuss the challenges and inadequacies in the current system and propose comprehensive reforms to enhance deterrence and justice for victims.

The assassination of Ismail Haniyeh, the chief of Hamas's Politburo, in Tehran has intensified tensions between Israel and Iran, pushing them toward a potential full-scale war. This event occurs against a backdrop of a broader geopolitical struggle involving the U.S., China, Russia, and Iran. Both China and Russia, while influential, have adopted distinct and sometimes divergent approaches in this volatile situation.

Geopolitical Dynamics and Responses

• Escalation of Tensions: The killing of Ismail Haniyeh has exacerbated the conflict between Israel and Iran. The anticipated Iranian response is expected to be more severe than previous exchanges, indicating a high risk of broader regional instability.
• China's Diplomatic Stance: China has taken a diplomatic approach, mediating between Saudi Arabia and Iran and hosting Palestinian factions. Beijing supports the Palestinian cause and aims to project itself as a fair mediator while maintaining strategic interests in the region.
• Russia's Military Engagement: Russia, deeply involved in Syria since 2015, has established a significant military presence. Moscow's focus has been on maintaining strategic positions in the Mediterranean and supporting allies like the Assad regime, contributing to regional dynamics.

Divergent Interests of China and Russia

• China's Strategic Interests: China supports Iran for its energy needs and regional influence. However, it prefers a cautious approach regarding Iran's nuclear ambitions, aiming to avoid crossing the red line of nuclear weaponization while maintaining strategic alliances.
• Russia's Regional Influence: Russia's involvement is more aggressive, with intelligence and military activities in areas like Yemen and West Africa. Moscow's actions are aimed at undermining U.S. influence and expanding its own strategic foothold in the region.
• Joint Concerns on Nuclearization: Despite their strategic cooperation, both China and Russia share concerns about Iran's potential nuclear capabilities. Their alignment with Western interests on this issue highlights a critical area of divergence in their support for Iran.

Implications for Regional Stability

• Impact of Iranian Response: Iran's potential retaliation for Haniyeh's assassination could escalate tensions further. This response might involve increased proxy activities and influence across the region, affecting regional stability.
• S. Interests and Presence: The U.S. aims to maintain its influence in the region through its military presence in Syria and Iraq. Any significant shift in the balance of power could impact American strategic objectives and regional security.
• Role of Proxies: Iranian-backed proxies, such as Hezbollah, are likely to press for a strong response to maintain credibility and leverage. This demand could exacerbate the conflict and complicate diplomatic efforts.

Mains Question:

Q. Analyze the broader geopolitical struggle involving the United States, China, Russia, and Iran in West Asia. Discuss the strategic interests and influence of each of these powers in the region.

The Indian government has announced a substantial ?2 lakh crore package for employment, aimed at creating opportunities for 4.1 crore youth over the next five years. This ambitious initiative aligns with recommendations from the Economic Survey, emphasizing the need for private sector job creation. The discussion around sustainable employment with dignity highlights the challenges of low wages, the effectiveness of skill programs, and the role of state intervention.

Current Challenges and Need for Decentralized Action

• Wage Concerns: Evidence shows that a wage earner earning ?25,000 a month is among the top 10% of wage earners. This highlights the race to the bottom on wages and the inadequacy of low-paying jobs for a dignified life.
• Skill Program Effectiveness: Short-duration skill programs often lead to low long-term employment rates, primarily due to inadequate wages. Many trained individuals return to rural areas seeking better opportunities.
• State and Local Role: Mass employment with dignity requires increasing productivity and setting floor wage rates. State intervention is crucial for ensuring high-quality public goods and services to support sustainable employment.

Proposed Policy Initiatives

• Community-Based Skilling: Initiatives should start with decentralized community action to identify and address local skilling needs. This involves creating employment registers and partnering with professionals to develop targeted plans.
• Integration of Services: Converge education, health, skills, and employment initiatives at the local level, leveraging women’s collectives for accountability and effective outcomes. This approach enhances human development indicators through community-based decision-making.
• Vocational Education: Introduce need-based vocational courses alongside undergraduate programs in colleges. This will improve employability by providing practical skills and certifications relevant to the job market.

Enhancing Skill Development and Support

• Standardization and Infrastructure: Standardize vocational courses, particularly in nursing and allied health, to international benchmarks. Invest in upgrading ITIs and polytechnics to serve as hubs for skill development.
• Enterprise Skills in Schools: Integrate technology and enterprise skills into high school curricula to prepare students for entrepreneurial ventures and employment. Professional visits can enhance practical understanding and skills.
• Apprenticeship Models: Implement co-sharing models for apprenticeships with industries to ensure practical experience and shared costs. This will enhance the effectiveness and sustainability of skill development programs.

Mains Question:

Q. Discuss the key policy initiatives required to create sustainable mass employment with dignity in India. How can decentralized community action and improved vocational education contribute to this objective?