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How the Bhakti movement flourished under Mughals
Context:
While laying the foundation stone of a temple dedicated to Ravidas, in Madhya Pradesh, Prime Minister made a link between the 14th century social reformer and Bhakti saint Sant Ravidas and the Mughals.
What is the Bhakti Movement?
- Initiation- The movement probably began in the Tamil region around the 6th and 7th century AD and achieved a great deal of popularity through the poems of the Alvars and Nayanars, the Vaishnavite and Shaivite poets.
- Reason for growth- The rigid caste system that constituted the practice of worship and the inherent need to move to a more fulfilling method of worship and salvation perhaps spurred this movement.
- Mantra- Bhakti poets emphasized surrender to god. Equally, many of the Bhakti saints were rebels who chose to defy the currents of their time through their writings.
How the Bhakti movement flourished under Mughals?
- Land Grants- In 1526, for instance, Akbar made a land grant to the officiating priest of the Govinda Dev temple in Vrindavan.
- Jagir grants- By 1580, the Mughals had awarded jagir grants to at least seven temples in the Braj region.
- Religious Policies- Akbar’s religious policy of ‘Sulh-e-kul’ or ‘universal peace’ is a literal translation of Kabir’s philosophies.
Commonalities between Sufism and Bhakti:
- Stressed on the inner life of devotion- Diana Eck had noted that both Bhakti and Sufism “stressed the inner life of devotion and love, not the outer world of ritual and practice”.
- Drawing inspiration from each other- Historian Shahabuddin Iraqi, remarked that “the various trends of spiritual thought that developed under the Bhakti and Sufi movements drew much from each other, consciously and unconsciously.”
- Commonalities more apparent in Nirgun Bhakti- It were explained that the commonalities between Sufism and Bhakti become all the more apparent when it comes to the Nirgun Bhakti order to which Ravidas belonged.
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Context
In a release, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) detailed the revised guidelines for Infrastructure Debt Funds - Non-Banking Financial Companies (IDF-NBFCs) and the sponsorship of IDF-MFs by Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs).
What are Infrastructure Debt Funds - Non-Banking Financial Companies (IDF-NBFCs)?
- An IDF-NBFC is a company and comes under the regulation of RBI.
- An IDF-NBFC is a company registered as NBFC to facilitate the flow of long- term debt into infrastructure projects.
- It raises resources through issue of rupee or dollar-denominated bonds of minimum 5-year maturity.
- Only Infrastructure Finance Companies can sponsor IDF-NBFCs.
- IDF-NBFCs would take over loans extended to infrastructure projects which are created through the Public Private Partnership (PPP) route and have successfully completed one year of commercial production.
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Infrastructure Debt Funds (IDFs):
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Eligibility parameters for NBFCs as sponsors of IDF-MF
NBFCs sponsoring IDF-MFs are required to comply with the following requirements:
- The NBFC should have a minimum Net Owned Funds (NOF) of Rs.300 crore; and Capital to Risk Weighted Assets (CRAR) of 15%;
- its net NPAs should be less than 3% of net advances;
- it should have been in existence for at least 5 years;
- it should be earning profits for the last three years and its performance should be satisfactory;
- the CRAR of the NBFC post investment in the IDF-MF should not be less than the regulatory minimum prescribed for it;
- The NBFC should continue to maintain the required level of NOF (Net Owned Fund) after accounting for investment in the proposed IDF and
- There should be no supervisory concerns with respect to the NBFC.
About the revised guidelines:
- According to the revised definition, an IDF-NBFC refers to a non-deposit-taking NBFC that is authorized to refinance infrastructure projects that have completed at least one year of satisfactory commercial operations.
- Additionally, IDF-NBFCs can directly finance toll-operate-transfer (TOT) projects.
- To qualify as an IDF-NBFC, entities must adhere to specific net owned funds (NOF) and regulatory capital requirements.
- The guidelines said that IDF-NBFCs are allowed to raise funds through rupee or dollar-denominated bonds with a minimum maturity of five years.
- For better asset-liability management (ALM), they can also utilise shorter tenor bonds and commercial papers (CPs) up to 10 per cent of their total outstanding borrowings.
- Additionally, external commercial borrowings (ECBs) can be used, provided they have a minimum tenure of five years and are not sourced from foreign branches of Indian banks.
- Need:
- In order to enable IDF-NBFCs to play a greater role in the financing of the infrastructure sector and to harmonise the regulations governing financing of infrastructure sector by the NBFCs, a review of the guidelines applicable to IDF-NBFCs has been undertaken, in consultation with the Government of India.
Other provisions:
- IDF-NBFCs are also subject to exposure limits, allowing up to 30 per cent of their Tier 1 capital for a single borrower or party and up to 50 per cent for a single group of borrowers or parties.
- Risk weights are determined based on risk weights applicable to NBFC-Investment and Credit Companies (NBFC-ICCs) for computing CRAR.
- The RBI has also outlined eligibility criteria for NBFCs to sponsor IDF-MFs.
- These criteria include factors such as net owned funds, net NPAs, years of existence, profitability, and other supervisory concerns.
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