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India-Japan Collaboration for Carbon Trading

Context

India and Japan are exploring a Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM) under the Paris Agreement to enhance collaboration in Carbon Trading.

What is Carbon Trading?

  • Carbon trading is the process of buying and selling permits and credits to emit carbon dioxide.
  • Article 6 of the Paris Agreement provides for the use of international carbon markets by countries to fulfil their Nationally determined contributions (NDCs).
  • These markets create incentives to reduce emissions or improve energy efficiency.
  • Types of Carbon Markets:

Voluntary Markets

Compliance Markets

  • Participants: Corporations, private individuals, and others purchase carbon credits voluntarily to offset emissions.
  • Verification: Credits are verified by private firms against established standards.
  • Purpose: Often used for public relations or personal commitment to sustainability.
  • Regulation: Governed by national, regional, or international policies, making them official and mandatory.
  • Mechanism: Operates under a 'cap-and-trade' system where emission allowances are traded.
  • Examples: Kyoto Protocol, European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), California ETS, Australia ETS, among others.
  • Recent Development: China launched the world's largest ETS in 2021.

Advantages of Carbon Markets:

  • Promotion of Energy Efficiency: Incentivizes reduction in energy use and transition to cleaner fuels.
  • Cost-Efficiency: Companies can choose between investing in emission-reducing technologies or purchasing allowances, based on cost-effectiveness.
  • Innovation: Encourages innovation and adoption of low-carbon technologies due to regulatory pressure and market incentives.

Challenges to Carbon Markets:

  • Effectiveness Concerns: Some entities may buy credits without reducing emissions themselves, undermining the actual reduction of greenhouse gases.
  • Quality Issues: Many credits available may not meet quality standards, lacking additionality (additional emission reductions), verifiability (proper auditing), and permanence (ensuring emission reductions are sustained).
  • Deviating Emission Reduction Efforts: Purchasing credits might divert attention from genuine efforts to reduce emissions directly.
  • Measurement Difficulty: It's challenging to accurately quantify emission reductions achieved through offset projects like afforestation or renewable energy initiatives.

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