Is India really ‘Neighbourhood First’?

India's approach to its South Asian neighbours has come under scrutiny, particularly after a recent visit to Nepal. Several countries in India’s vicinity have shown signs of discontent with India's influence, and there are concerns that the government's “muscular” foreign policy may be counterproductive, damaging relationships in the region.

Strained Relations with South Asian Neighbours

• Nepal's Growing Anti-India Sentiment: Nepal has expressed dissatisfaction with India's interference in its internal politics, especially regarding the 2015 blockade and India’s support for specific political factions. These actions have led to widespread distrust of India across Nepalese political spectrum.
• China as a Strategic Counterbalance: Countries like the Maldives, Sri Lanka, and Bhutan are increasingly seeking closer ties with China, using it as a counterbalance to India's influence. This shift has reduced India's dominant role in its immediate neighbourhood, with Maldives in particular opposing Indian military presence.
• Impact of "Muscular" Diplomacy: India's assertive foreign policy, characterised by pressure tactics and interventionism, has failed to achieve long-term stability in the region. This approach has alienated key neighbouring countries, making it harder for India to be both respected and loved in South Asia.

Historical Context of Tensions

• India's Inconsistent Role in Nepal’s Transition: India's fluctuating position during Nepal’s transition from monarchy to a republic has created lingering mistrust. At times, India labelled Maoist rebels as terrorists, while at others, it backed their inclusion in the new political setup, causing confusion and resentment.
• The Legacy of the 2015 Blockade: The 2015 border blockade, perceived by many in Nepal as an Indian tactic to force political compliance, remains a key source of tension. It caused significant hardship in Nepal, deepening anti-India sentiment in the country and damaging long-standing bilateral ties.
• Questionable Impact of India's Political Interventions: India’s support for specific political factions in Nepal has often been counterproductive. While interventions were meant to influence political outcomes, they have instead undermined India's image, with many Nepalese viewing these actions as interference rather than assistance.

Rethinking India's South Asia Policy

• Need for a Respect-Based Foreign Policy: India should consider shifting from a "muscular" policy to one based on mutual respect and non-interference in its neighbours' affairs. A more conciliatory approach, focusing on trust and sovereignty, would be more beneficial for long-term regional stability.
• The Limitations of the "Neighbourhood First" Policy: While the "Neighbourhood First" policy is intended to prioritise India's relationships with its immediate neighbours, its implementation often favours India’s strategic interests over the concerns of the neighbouring states. This imbalance has led to resentment and a sense of encroachment in countries like Nepal and the Maldives.
• Prudence Over Power Projection: India must question whether its current policy of assertive power projection in the region is truly in its national interest. A focus on diplomacy and accommodating neighbours' needs, rather than flexing muscles, could be a more effective strategy for long-term peace and cooperation.

Practice Question

Q. India's current neighbourhood policy has led to growing discontent among its South Asian neighbours. Critically examine the effectiveness of India's ‘muscular’ approach to foreign policy in the region and suggest alternative strategies for enhancing regional cooperation.