The Republic of Languages

The recent decision by the Union Cabinet to recognize Bangla, Assamese, and Marathi as classical languages has reignited discussions about linguistic categorization in India. This move is viewed through the lens of India's historical "divide and rule" policy and raises concerns about the potential for vertical fragmentation within Indian society based on language, caste, and religion.

Historical Perspective

• Colonial Legacy: The British colonial regime employed a "divide and rule" strategy, fostering divisions among social segments. This historical approach has evolved in post-colonial India into a practice of vertical division, primarily for electoral gain.
• Concept of Classical Languages: The term "classical" is historically significant and reflects societal hierarchies. It denotes languages with a rich literary heritage but has also been used to marginalize non-classical languages, perpetuating discrimination and inequality.
• Linguistic Hierarchies: Historically recognized classical languages include Sanskrit, Pali, and Tamil, which produced extensive literary works. In contrast, the Prakrit languages represent regional variations but lack equal recognition, raising questions about their classification.

Linguistic Fragmentation

• Classical Languages List: The official recognition of classical languages creates a hierarchy among languages, with some languages viewed as superior to others. This categorization can exacerbate existing linguistic divisions and lead to societal fragmentation.
• Census Data Insights: The reduction in recognized "mother tongues" from 1,652 in 1961 to 1,369 in 2011 indicates a trend toward homogenization. However, the administrative classification of languages as "superior" or "inferior" complicates this landscape, with majoritarian languages gaining prominence.
• Societal Implications: As linguistic diversity is diminished, majoritarian pride can manifest as a tool for political gain, paralleling divisions based on caste and religion. This trend threatens to undermine the unique identities and worldviews represented by less-recognized languages.

Consequences and Concerns

• Vertical Division of Society: Broadening the list of classical languages can result in a vertical fragmentation of society, creating a hierarchy reminiscent of historical caste divisions. This fragmentation risks elevating certain languages while marginalizing others.
• Impact on Language Survival: As numerous languages edge toward extinction, the state's selective recognition undermines the inherent value of all languages. Such practices may lead to a society where only certain languages are honored, akin to Orwell's critique of equality.
• Call for Inclusivity: Every language represents a unique worldview deserving respect. An inclusive approach is essential for fostering linguistic diversity and preventing the emergence of a linguistic elite within the Indian Republic.

Practice Question

Q. Discuss how recognition of certain languages as “classical” can lead to vertical fragmentation of society. Also, suggest measures to promote inclusivity among all languages in India.