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SHORT NEWS
Geography (GS-I)
Volcano in Iceland
A volcano erupted recently in southwest Iceland for the second time this year, making it the sixth outbreak on the Reykjanes peninsula since 2021.
Why is Iceland a volcanic hotspot?
- Iceland's status as a volcanic hotspot is attributed to its location on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge—a vast underwater mountain range created by the interaction of the Eurasian and North American tectonic plates.
- The constant divergence of these plates enables magmafrom the Earth's mantle to emerge, contributing to the formation and elevation of the Icelandic mountains.
- Iceland stands out for its seismic activity not just because it's situated on a tectonic ridge, but also due to the presence of a mantle plume beneath it.
- Unlike other locations with mantle plumes, such as Hawaii, Iceland uniquely experiences volcanic activity at the intersection of both a mantle plume and a tectonic boundary.
- A volcano is an opening in the earth's crust through which lava, volcanic ash, and gases escape.
Environment (GS-III)
Global Environment Facility (GEF)
The Global Environment Facility’s 186 member governments allocated $916 million for international action on biodiversity, climate change, nature renewal, and pollution control, and advanced five Integrated Programs designed to tackle complex challenges in their entirety.
What is GEF?
- The Global Environment Facility (GEF) was established on the eve of the 1992 Rio Earth Summit.
- The GEF is A UNIQUE PARTNERSHIPof 18 agencies — including United Nations agencies, multilateral development banks, national entities and international NGOs — working with 183 countries to address the world’s most challenging environmental issues.
- It is a FINANCIAL MECHANISMfor five major international environmental conventions:
- Minamata Convention on Mercury
- Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
- United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD)
- United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
- United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
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