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The issue with delimitation’s population-based process
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Context
Debate has intensified over the impending delimitation exercise post-2026, mandated by Articles 82 and 170, based on the first Census after 2001 (expected 2021 Census). Southern States express apprehensions about reduced political weight due to slower population growth. The issue has reignited concerns about federal balance, representational equity, and democratic legitimacy.
CONSTITUTIONAL BASIS & TRENDS
- Constitutional Mandate: Delimitation is mandated after every Census under Articles 82 and 170; however, the 42nd Amendment (1976) froze the process till 2026 to incentivize population control.
- Past Adjustments & Seat Variations: Historical trends show non-uniform seat adjustments—e.g., 543 seats post-1971 Census—without any standard formula for per capita representation.
- Population vs Geography: Though population remains the principal criterion, geographic, administrative, and political boundaries have also influenced past delimitation outcomes.
FEDERALISM, REPRESENTATION & FUNCTIONAL ISSUES
- Federal Disparity: A strict population-based seat allocation may disadvantage States with successful population control policies, especially in the South.
- Misinterpretation of Representation: The representative weight of an MP does not change proportionally with voter count; constituency size has little impact on legislative function.
- Functional Role & Local Governance: Law-making and parliamentary duties are not population-dependent; greater focus is needed on strengthening Panchayati Raj and urban local bodies for effective governance.
WAY FORWARD & ALTERNATIVES
- Moderating Population Impact: Introducing a TFR-based deflator could help balance seat allocation, ensuring that States with lower fertility rates are not penalised.
- Alternative Formula Proposal: A 2024-based estimate shows 1,440 Lok Sabha seats if calculated like 1977, but a TFR-adjusted model reduces it to approx. 680, avoiding over-representation of high-growth States.
- Democratic Structural Rebalancing: Like the Finance Commission adapts devolution criteria, Parliament can explore constitutional amendments to ensure equitable representation aligned with current demographic realities.
Practice Question
Q. “Delimitation based solely on population figures risks undermining the federal character and representative balance of Indian democracy.” Critically examine this statement in light of the impending 2026 delimitation exercise. Suggest alternatives to population-based representation.
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