Protection of Urban Forests in India

The Telangana government’s decision to allot 400 acres of Kancha Gachibowli urban forest for industrial development triggered nationwide concern. Following the felling of 100 acres of trees, the Supreme Court reprimanded the State, emphasizing the vulnerability of urban forests amid rapid urbanisation and their crucial role in environmental sustainability.

Understanding the Significance and Challenges of Urban Forests:

• Importance of Urban Forests
  • Environmental Benefits: Urban forests mitigate urban heat island effect, reduce pollution by absorbing PM 2.5 and PM 10 particulates, sequester carbon, and control stormwater and erosion.
  • Biodiversity Conservation: These green spaces serve as habitats for endangered species, ensuring ecological balance within urban areas.
  • Social and Cultural Importance: Urban forests provide recreational spaces, improve mental health, and enhance the quality of urban life by offering repose and connection to nature.
• Current Threats to Urban Forests in India:
  • Urban Expansion and Industrial Development: Increasing urban sprawl and industrial projects threaten green spaces, exemplified by Kancha Gachibowli and other forests like Aarey (Mumbai), Turahalli (Bengaluru).
  • Pollution and Climate Stress: Rising pollution levels, as seen in Delhi and other metropolitan cities, underline the urgent need for urban forest protection.
• Judicial and Policy Interventions:
  • Legal Safeguards: Landmark cases like the Godavarman case (1996) expanded forest definitions to include urban greenery. Supreme Court and High Courts have intervened to protect forests in Delhi, Mumbai, and Rajasthan.
  • Constitutional Provisions: Article 21 (Right to Life), Article 48A (Directive Principles), and Article 51A(g) (Fundamental Duties) mandate environmental protection and preservation of forests.
  • Government Missions and Policies: National Forest Policy (1988), National Mission for Green India (2014), Smart Cities Mission (2015), and Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation integrate ecological concerns into urban planning.
• Balancing Urban Growth and Ecological Preservation:
  • Integrated Urban Planning: Incorporate urban forests as essential components of city infrastructure plans to balance development and ecology.
  • Community Participation and Awareness: Strengthen civil society involvement and awareness campaigns to protect urban forests.
  • Strict Implementation of Environmental Laws: Ensure compliance with judicial orders and environmental regulations with stringent penalties for violations.
  • Promote Eco-friendly Urban Models: Foster sustainable urban development using green architecture, pollution control, and preservation of natural habitats.