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Telangana first Indian State to implement SC sub-categorisation
Context
Telangana became the first Indian state to implement sub-categorization within the Scheduled Castes (SC) reservation system. This initiative aims to distribute the existing 15% SC reservation more equitably among various sub-castes based on their socio-economic status and representation in education and employment.
Background
- Historically, the SC reservation system treated all SC communities as a single group.
- However, disparities existed, with some sub-castes benefiting more than others.
- Recognizing this, the Supreme Court, in a landmark judgment (2024), upheld the constitutional validity of sub-classifying SCs for reservation purposes. This decision overruled the 2004 E.V. Chinnaiah verdict, which had previously deemed such sub-classification impermissible. ?
- Following the Supreme Court's decision, Telangana enacted the Scheduled Castes (Rationalisation of Reservations) Act, 2025.
- The Three Groups: Based on recommendations from a commission led by retired High Court judge Justice Shameem Akther, the 59 SC sub-castes in Telangana have been divided into three groups:?
- Group I: Comprises 15 sub-castes identified as the most disadvantaged, constituting approximately 0.5% of the state's population. They have been allocated 1% reservation.?
- Group II: Includes 18 sub-castes that have received marginal benefits historically. This group has been granted 9% reservation.?
- Group III: Consists of 26 sub-castes that have been relatively better placed in terms of opportunities. They have been assigned 5% reservation.
What is Sub-classification?
- Sub-classification involves breaking down a broader category, such as backward classes (BCs) or SCs, into distinct sub-categories like more BCs or SCs.
- Article 14 of the Constitution permits sub-classification within reserved categories as it recognises Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes as a “backward class of citizens.”
Significance and Broader Implications
- This move addresses long-standing concerns about equitable distribution of reservation benefits among SC sub-castes.
- It sets a precedent for other states to consider similar measures, especially in light of the Supreme Court's affirmation of the constitutional validity of such sub-classifications.
- Politically, it also reflects efforts to consolidate support among marginalized communities by ensuring that affirmative action policies reach the most disadvantaged groups effectively.?
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