Uttarakhand govt. to study risk posed by 13 glacial lakes during monsoon

The Uttarakhand State Disaster Management Department (USDMA) is initiating a vulnerability study of 13 glacial lakes, including five in the "high-risk zone", to prevent potential calamities such as lake outbursts during the monsoon season.

Identifying High-Risk Glacial Lakes:

• Satellite-Based Risk Assessment: USDMA identified 13 new glacial lakes through satellite imaging in early 2023. Five lakes categorized as "high-risk" based on size, location, and potential impact. High-risk lakes located in Pithoragarh and Chamoli districts, known for their fragile ecological balance
• Geographical Characteristics of High-Risk Lakes: Located in Darma, Lasaryanghati, Kutiyangti Valley (Pithoragarh), and Dhauli Ganga basin (Chamoli). Lake sizes range from 0.02 sq. km to 0.5 sq. km, indicating significant water volume. Situated at elevations of 4,000 meters above sea level, making access and monitoring challenging
• Climate Change and Glacier Dynamics: Himalayan glaciers retreating at an average rate of 30-60 meters per decade. Rapid glacier melting leading to formation of new lakes and expansion of existing ones.

Comprehensive Study Approach:

• Advanced Bathymetry Study: Teams to employ state-of-the-art bathymetry techniques starting July 2023. Study aims to determine precise lake depths, volumes, and surrounding terrain characteristics. Data crucial for developing early warning systems and evacuation plans for downstream communities
• Multi-Agency Collaboration for Risk Assessment: USDMA collaborating with Indo-Tibetan Border Police for on-ground intelligence. Expert teams formed in March 2023 include specialists from five premier institutions:
  • Indian Institute of Remote Sensing
  • Geological Survey of India
  • National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee
  • Centre for Development of Advanced Computing
  • Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology
• Innovative Risk Mitigation Strategies: Plans to implement controlled lake drainage by installing pipes in high-risk lakes. Technique aims to gradually reduce water pressure and minimize sudden outburst risks. Similar methods successfully employed in Nepal and Bhutan, reducing GLOF risks by up to 35%

Historical Context and Urgency:

• Devastating GLOF Events in Uttarakhand:
  • Kedarnath valley GLOF in June 2013: Over 6,000 fatalities and economic losses exceeding $3.8 billion.
  • Rishiganga Valley GLOF in Chamoli (February 2021): 72 lives lost and severe damage to infrastructure. These events highlight the catastrophic potential of GLOFs and the need for proactive management
• Global Climate Change Context: IPCC Sixth Assessment Report (2021) warns of increased GLOF risks in Hindu Kush Himalaya region. Projected temperature rise of 1.8-2.2°C in the region by 2050 could accelerate glacier retreat. Uttarakhand's initiative aligns with global efforts to adapt to and mitigate climate change impacts
• Monsoon Preparedness and Long-term Planning: Study timing coincides with monsoon onset, when GLOF risks typically peak. Part of Uttarakhand's broader climate adaptation strategy, including:
  • Development of climate-resilient infrastructure
  • Community-based early warning systems
  • Integration of traditional knowledge in disaster preparedness

UPSC Mains Questions:

Q. Discuss the challenges posed by glacial lakes in the Himalayan region and evaluate the effectiveness of current mitigation strategies. Suggest innovative approaches to enhance disaster preparedness in vulnerable areas.