GS Analyst: Daily Current Affairs

The recent helicopter crash that killed Iran’s President Ebrahim Raisi has sent shockwaves through the global political landscape, with profound implications for regional stability and international relations. The incident occurred amidst heightened tensions in West Asia, where Israel has been in conflict with Hamas in Gaza for seven months.

India’s Position

• Chabahar Port Agreement: India recently signed a contract with Iran to operate the Chabahar port, aiming to enhance trade with Central Asia. The port’s development had been delayed due to U.S. sanctions on Iran, but the recent agreement marked a significant step forward.
• Common Concerns: India and Iran share concerns about Taliban’s Sunni extremism and Pakistan’s role in Afghanistan. For New Delhi, Iran is a “strong regional partner” in Afghanistan.
• Look-East Strategy: Under President Raisi, Iran pursued a ‘look east’ strategy, deepening ties with Asian powers, including India. Progress on regional connectivity projects involving India, mainly the INSTC and Chabahar port, underscores Iran’s strategic view of its relations with India.
• Trade Relations: In 2022-23, India’s bilateral trade with Iran reached $2.33 billion. While New Delhi’s trade with Tehran had declined in recent years, it saw a 21.77% uptick in 2022-23 after Raisi came to power in 2021.

Implications

• US Perspective:
• S.-Iran relations have been strained, particularly since the U.S. withdrew from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) in 2018 and reimposed sanctions on Iran.
• This move led Iran to exceed the nuclear limits set by the agreement. The ongoing conflict in Gaza has further complicated S.-Iran relations.

Broader Implications:

• The death of President Raisi could lead to a period of uncertainty and potential instability within Iran.
• The leadership transition process will be closely watched, as it will influence Iran’s domestic policies and its approach to international diplomacy.
• The new leadership’s stance on key issues such as the nuclear program, relations with Israel, and interactions with the U.S. will be critical in shaping the future geopolitical landscape.
• The incident may prompt increased scrutiny and speculation about Iran’s internal security and political dynamics.
• Any perceived weakness or instability could embolden adversaries and complicate Iran’s efforts to navigate the complex web of regional and international relations.

In 2023, India overtook China as the world's most populous country, a milestone underscored by contrasting demographic trends. While China experienced a declining birth rate and negative population growth for the first time in decades, India's population continued to grow, albeit at a slower pace than before.

Comparing Consumption Figures

• When comparing consumption figures between the two nations, it's essential to consider Private Final Consumption Expenditure (PFCE), which measures household and non-profit institution spending on goods and services.
• India's PFCE contributes more to its GDP compared to China, indicating a higher dependency on consumption for economic growth.
• Despite China's larger economy, its PFCE is only about 3.5 times that of India's, suggesting a relatively higher reliance on consumption in India. Additionally, while China saw a significant increase in PFCE in recent years, India's figures have been steadily rising.
  • While PFCE contributes more than 58% to India’s GDP currently, it contributes only 38% to China’s economy.
  • Additionally, the final consumption, which also includes government consumption expenditure, constitutes 68% of the GDP for India and 53% for China

Nominal vs. PPP Figures

• It's crucial to note that nominal figures alone may distort the comparison due to differences in the cost of living.
• PPP figures provide a more accurate comparison by adjusting for these discrepancies.
• In PPP terms, China's PFCE is approximately 1.5 times that of India's, narrowing the consumption expenditure gap between the two countries.

Expenditure by Categories

• India's consumption pattern reflects characteristics of an underdeveloped or developing market, with higher spending on essentials like food and transportation.
• In contrast, China's consumption basket resembles that of a more developed market, with higher expenditure on housing, education, and healthcare.

Concluding Thoughts

India's growing consumer class and increased spending could make it an attractive destination for foreign businesses, especially amidst the "China+1" narrative. However, whether India can leverage this advantage to position itself as a preferred destination remains to be seen.

In conclusion, while India's population surpassing China's marks a significant demographic shift, its implications for consumption patterns and economic growth warrant careful consideration. Understanding the nuances of consumption expenditure between the two countries is essential for businesses and policymakers alike.

In times of crisis, the need for societal reorganization becomes apparent. The 19th-century liberal democracy, once celebrated, had deteriorated into exploitation under capitalism. Faced with this reality, many sought alternatives to a system built on "every man for himself." However, the initial enthusiasm for revolution faded as communism and fascism led to dictatorship and global conflict.

Emergence of a New Ideology

• Amidst this turmoil, Indian freedom fighter ManabendraNath Roy (1887-1954) and his colleagues proposed a solution that merged freedom with justice: scientific humanism. This philosophy, enriched by scientific advancements, aimed to reconcile human aspirations with societal needs.
• Rejection of Totalitarianism: Roy vehemently opposed totalitarianism and the regression into old-world theology. He believed that true freedom could only arise from rational thought and individual empowerment.
• Reimagining Democracy:Traditional liberal democracies failed to address societal inequities, leading to the rise of demagoguery and political disillusionment. Roy advocated for a radical democratic approach, where people actively participate in political processes and elect independent candidates.
• Economic Justice: There is the need for economic restructuring to prioritize human needs over profit. Solutions like agricultural modernization, social security, and equitable industrializationcan be effective to uplift the masses.

Why Radical Democracy?

• Democracy, rooted in civilization, relies on the recognition of individual freedoms.
• Economic exploitation breeds political tyranny, thus, the importance of a democratic society based on justice and freedom increases.
• This vision underscores the ethical obligation to uphold democratic values in the face of political disillusionment and authoritarianism. It calls for a society where justice, freedom, and human dignity are paramount.

The Manipur government has taken action against the Kuki National Front - Military Council (KNF-MC) for renaming a sacred hill of the Meitei community and claiming it as their "camp." The insurgent group installed a signboard at the base of Thangjingching (hill) calling it "Thangting camp" of the "Kuki Army."

About Thangjing Ching (Hill)

• Thangjingching is a sacred site for the Meitei community in the lakeside town of Moirang. It is home to the deity IbudhouThangjing and is believed to be at least 2,000 years old.
• The Thangjingching range lies between Moirang town and Churachandpur district, which are 40 km apart.

North Sea oil and gas producers are merging and shifting operations overseas due to Britain's windfall tax slashing profits.

Impact of Higher Tax

• Decline in Domestic Production: The strategy shift could speed up the decline of domestic production, increasing dependency on imports, vulnerability to higher consumer prices, and job losses.
• Cost-Cutting and Revenue Boost: Independent oil and gas producers are merging and looking abroad to cut costs and boost revenue.
• Energy Profit Levy: In 2022, the UK imposed a 25% Energy Profit Levy on the sector due to a surge in energy prices from Russia's invasion of Ukraine, swelling profits as consumers faced higher prices. Similar measures were taken in other European countries.
• Production Decline: North Sea production has decreased to around 1.2 million barrels of oil equivalent per day (boed) from a peak of over 4.5 million boed in 1999.
• Investment Reduction: A higher tax rate and removal of the investment allowance could reduce investment by 30 billion pounds ($38 billion), accelerating the decline in output.

The World Health Organisation(WHO) announced an outbreak of hepatitis E in Chad.

What is hepatitis and how many types are there?

• Hepatitis is a liver inflammation caused by various factors like viruses, alcohol, drugs, and autoimmune conditions.
• Transmission: It is most commonly transmitted via the fecal-oral route from contaminated water, and large waterborne outbreaks frequently occur, especially in developing countries.
  • Person-to-person transmission is rare.
• The most common type, especially in places like Chad, is viral hepatitis.
• There are five main viruses: A, B, C, D, and E. The recent outbreak in Chad was caused by hepatitis E.
• Hepatitis E can range from asymptomatic to severe, especially in pregnant women, individuals with existing liver issues, the elderly, and those with weakened immune systems.

Recent research has uncovered a previously overlooked chemical reaction that sheds new light on Venus's drastic water loss. Over four billion years ago, Venus had enough water to submerge its surface under 3 kilometers of water. Today, it's so depleted that it would barely cover the surface with 3 centimeters. This discovery could reshape the understanding of Venus's history and habitability.

Understanding Venus's Water Loss

• Venus's water loss can be attributed to two main factors:
  • its scorching atmosphere
  • its proximity to the Sun
• The planet's carbon dioxide-rich atmosphere creates a greenhouse effect, trapping heat and raising surface temperatures to a blistering 450 degrees Celsius.
• As a result, water can only exist as vapor in Venus's atmosphere.
• Additionally, the Sun's heat and ultraviolet radiation break down water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen atoms in the planet's ionosphere, the upper region of its atmosphere.
• However, the exact mechanisms driving this water loss have remained uncertain. Scientists have debated whether thermal processes, like hydrodynamic escape, or non-thermal processes are primarily responsible for Venus's dwindling water reserves.

Key-findings (Role of Formyl Cation)

• The research focused on a specific chemical reaction involving the formyl cation (HCO+), a positively charged molecule. HCO+ molecules play a crucial role in driving hydrogen escape.
• The HCO+ dissociative recombination reaction occurs at an altitude of approximately 125 kilometers, above the planet's sulfuric acid clouds.
• The researchers' models revealed that the HCO+ dissociative recombination reaction significantly accelerates water loss in Venus's atmosphere.
• While the study provides valuable insights, several questions remain unanswered. Future Venus missions, like NASA's MAVEN mission to Mars, could help confirm the presence of HCO+ ions in Venus's atmosphere and further elucidate the mechanisms driving water loss.

In the dense forests of the Godavari Valley, Muria tribal farmer, preserves seeds using a traditional method called 'deda'.

What is deda method?

• This practice involves packing seeds in leaves to resemble boulders, providing multi-layer protection against pests and worms.
• The deda process involves spreading wood ash inside Siali leaves, covering it with lemon leaves, and sealing the seeds within. Each deda can hold up to 5kg of seeds, ensuring their preservation for up to five years.
• The deda method, a testament to the Muria's resilience guarantees protection of seed from pests and worms.

Scientists have discovered a fascinating creature from 155 million years ago that could clone itself. This starfish-like creature with six arms had the ability to regenerate its body, according to a study.

Key-highlights:

• The unique fossil was found in 2018 in Germany, where there used to be a deep lagoon with coral meadows and sponge beds.
• This fossil is the only known example of the new species of brittle star, named Ophiactis hex.
• This creature could produce genetically identical offspring by breaking off parts of its own body and regrowing them, a process known as This phenomenon's exact timing of evolution was previously unknown.
• The 155 million-year-old fossil is exceptionally well-preserved, showing all its hook-shaped arm spines.
• Although fossils of creatures regenerating individual arms are somewhat common, finding those with regenerating body halves is extremely rare. This discovery is only the second known case and the first linked to six-fold symmetry and clonal fragmentation.

To prevent the Manipuri Pony (Meitei Sagol)from disappearing, the government of Manipur has teamed up with various organizations and associations to protect its natural habitat in the wetlands and implement conservation measures.

About the Species

• The Manipuri Pony, also known as Meitei Sagol, is in danger of disappearing. Its population has sharply declined over the years, from 1,898 in 2003 to just 1,089 in 2019.
• Recognizing the urgent need for conservation, the Manipur government declared the Manipuri Pony as an Endangered Breed in 2013.
• It is one of five recognised equine breeds of India.
• Endemic to northeastern India (especially Manipur), the species is considered the world's original polo pony, with the modern game of polo said to have been created by the British from the traditional game of SagolKangjei played in Manipur.
• Despite being small (11 to 13 Hands), the Manipuri Pony is known for its exceptional qualities such as stamina, agility, intelligence, speed, and adaptability to tough conditions.
• The Manipuri Pony holds great cultural importance in Manipur. It is not only integral to traditional events like Lai haraoba but also plays a key role in sports like polo, which originated from the traditional Manipuri sport of SagolKangjei.
• Historically, Manipuri Ponies were used as mounts by the cavalry of the Manipur Kingdom, making them a symbol of power and prowess. They were even feared in upper Burma during the 17th century.

The US government has proposed reclassifying marijuana, marking a significant shift.

Regulation of Marijuana in the US

• Since 1970, marijuana has been classified as a Schedule I drug under the Controlled Substances Act (CSA), alongside heroin, ecstasy, and LSD.
• This classification signifies that it's deemed to have no accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse.
• Under the new proposal, marijuana would be downgraded to a Schedule III drug. This places it alongside substances like ketamine and certain painkillers containing codeine, which are considered to have a moderate to low likelihood of dependence.

Supreme Court to Scrutinize Citizenship (Amendment) Act (CAA)

Concerns over CAA Rules:

• Uncertainty for Rejected Applicants: The CAA Rules are vague about what happens to those whose applications for citizenship are denied, raising fears they might be sent to detention centers.
• Dual Citizenship Issues: Concerns have been raised about foreign applicants retaining dual citizenship, which contradicts the spirit of the parent Act.
• Need for Judicial Clarity: The Supreme Court's involvement is crucial to address these ambiguities and ensure constitutional compliance.

Challenges to Legislative Presumption (Judicial Role and Legislative Malice)

• Presumption of Validity: Traditionally, laws made by Parliament are presumed valid unless proven unconstitutional, limiting courts' ability to interdict.
• Populist Legislation Risks: Populist regimes may introduce targeted legislation, requiring a more assertive judicial approach to maintain constitutional integrity.
• Case Examples: The Court's failure to stay certain controversial laws, like demonetization and the dilution of Kashmir's special status, illustrates the risks of not intervening promptly.

Need for Proactive Judicial Review

• Indian Precedents: The Supreme Court has previously stayed laws deemed contentious, such as the OBC quota and farm laws, demonstrating its capacity for proactive judicial intervention.
• Timely Judicial Action: To uphold constitutional values, the judiciary must act swiftly and decisively against laws that are clearly unconstitutional or divisive.

Mains Question:

Discuss the role of the judiciary in scrutinizing laws that may be constitutionally dubious or targeted against specific communities.

Re-evaluation of ESG Frameworks: The relevance and effectiveness of ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) metrics are being scrutinized as major firms like BlackRock move away from the acronym, highlighting potential shortcomings in the current ESG evaluation system.

Evolution and Importance of ESG (Historical Background)

• Origin: The ESG concept was launched in a 2005 UN report titled ‘Who Cares Wins,’ urging financial markets to promote sustainable practices.
• Global Adoption: ESG principles have become integral to the corporate world, with sustainable investments now comprising over a third of global assets.
• Regulatory and Investment Impetus: ESG ratings help companies secure their future, conform to regulatory demands, and attract investments aimed at reducing financial risks and promoting planetary well-being.

Challenges and Criticisms of ESG

• Lack of Uniformity: ESG metrics lack standardization, leading to credibility issues, with ratings from different agencies aligning only about half the time.
• Single Materiality Focus: Current ESG ratings often measure risks to a company from external factors rather than the company’s impact on the environment and society.
• Bundled Evaluation Issues: Combining E, S, and G into a single metric can yield paradoxical outcomes, as seen with the exclusion of Tesla from certain sustainability indices despite its low emissions.

Calls for Reform and Focus (Rethinking ESG Priorities)

• Separation of ESG Elements: There is a growing consensus on the need to prioritize emissions reduction separately from social and governance concerns to address critical environmental challenges more effectively.
• Critique and Recommendations: Critics argue that ESG, as currently structured, may avoid addressing significant issues like climate change and inequality, suggesting a focused approach on emission reductions for better outcomes.

Mains Question:

Critically analyze the challenges associated with ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) evaluations and suggest how these frameworks can be reformed to address contemporary global issues more effectively.

The fatal crash of a Bell 212 helicopter, carrying Iran's President Ebrahim Raisi and Foreign Minister Hossein Amir-Abdollahian, highlights ongoing concerns about the safety of VVIP flights, especially in challenging weather conditions and mountainous terrains.

Recurring VVIP Flight Incidents (Historical Examples of Crashes)

• Indian Incidents: The crash of the Bell helicopter in 2009, which killed Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy, and the 2021 crash that claimed General Bipin Rawat, both involved poor weather and hilly terrains.
• International Incidents: The 2010 crash of the Polish President’s plane in Russia and the 2024 crash involving Iran’s President share common factors of adverse weather conditions leading to fatal accidents.
• Pilot Pressure: Pilots often face pressure to fly in unsafe conditions from influential passengers, compromising their ability to make safety-first decisions.

Technological and Navigational Challenges (Impact of Weather and Navigation)

• Visual Illusions: Adverse weather like fog and heavy rain can cause visual illusions, affecting pilots' depth perception and judgement.
• GPS and Datum Shifts: Navigation errors due to differing datum systems, such as India’s EVER-MD versus the global WGS 84, can lead to catastrophic outcomes, as seen in incidents like the Balakot airstrike.
• Advanced Technology Limitations: Even with advanced navigation systems like GPS, discrepancies in data input can significantly impact flight safety.

Safety Attitudes and Regulatory Failures

• US Safety Standards: In the U.S., thorough investigations and transparent reporting, like the Aspen crash in Colorado, have led to improved safety measures and training.
• Regulatory Issues: Repeated safety violations and oversight failures by aviation authorities contribute to recurring accidents.
• Need for Pilot Autonomy: The critical importance of allowing pilots to make final decisions regarding flight safety without being overruled by VVIP passengers is emphasized to prevent future disasters.

Mains Question:

Discuss the recurring safety issues associated with VVIP flights in adverse weather conditions, highlighting international and Indian examples.