Polity & Governance (Indian Polity And Governance (Prelims))

Subjects

History

Geography

Indian Society

Indian Society (Mains)

Polity & Governance

International Relations

Economy

Science & Technology

Environment

Internal Security

Ethics

Evolution of the Constitution

The Company Rule (1773-1858)
- Regulating Act, 1773
- Amending Act, 1781
- Pitt’s India Act, 1784
- Amending Act of 1786
- Charter Act, 1793
- Charter Act, 1813
- Charter Act, 1833
- Charter Act, 1853
The Crown Rule (1858-1947)
- Government of India Act, 1858
- Indian Councils Act, 1861
- Indian Councils Act, 1892
- Indian Councils Act, 1909
- Government of India Act, 1919
- Simon Commission
- Government of India Act, 1935
- Indian Independence Act, 1947
Drafting and Sources of Indian Constitution)
- Seminal Sources
- External Sources
- Developmental Sources
- Constitutional Practices
- Important Committees of the Constituent Assembly and their Chairman

Salient Features of Indian Constitution

Constitution and Types
- What is a Constitution?
- Types of Constitution
- Functions of the Constitution
- Historical evolution of the Constitution
- Constituent Assembly
- Objectives of the Constitution
- Unitary features
- Federal features
Types of Political System
- Types of Political System
- Types of Government
- Parliamentary form of government
- Features of the Presidential System
- Features of Semi-Presidential System
Types of Majorities as per the Indian Constitution
- Absolute Majority
- Effective Majority
- Simple Majority
- Special Majority
Preamble and Values in the Constitution
- The objectives laid down in the Preamble
- Whether the Preamble is a partof the Constitution or not?
- Whether Preamble can be amended or not?
  - Ideals (mentioned in the Preamble)
  - Democratic
  - Sovereign
  - Socialist
  - Secular
  - Republic
  - Justice
  - Equality
  - Liberty
  - Fraternity
  - Integrity
Amendment of the Constitution
- Procedure for amendment
- Types of Amendments
- Amendability of FR’s
- Ingredients of basic structure
Doctrine and Terms
- Doctrine of severability
- Validity of Re-Constitutional Laws
- Doctrine of Eclipse
- Doctrine of Harmonious Construction
- Doctrine of Pith and Substance
- Doctrine of Colorable Legislation (Article 246)
- Doctrine of Territorial Nexus
- Doctrine of Laches
- Due Process of Law
- Procedure Established by Law
Other Constitutional Dimensions
- Schedules and Subjects
- Official Languages

Union & Its Territory

ARTICLE 1-4
- Article 1: Name and Territory of the Union
- Committee/commission for StateRe-organisation
- The State Reorganization Commission(SRC) 1953
- Article 2: Admit or Establish new State
- Article 3: Formation of new States andalternation of areas, boundaries or names of existing States
- Article 4: Laws made under articles2 and 3 to provide for the amendment of the First and the Fourth Schedule and Supplemental.
- Delimitation Commission

Citizenship

Constitutional Provisions
- Constitutional provisions of citizenship
- Citizenship Act, 1955
- The Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2016
- Methodology of getting citizenship
- Modes of Losing the Citizenship of India
- Concept of dual citizenship
- Special privileges enjoyed bycitizens in India
- Rights and Duties of Citizens
Indian Diaspora
- Pravasi Bhartiya Divas
- Non-Resident Indians

Fundamental Rights

Evolution Objectives And Features
- Meaning
- Objectives
- Features
- Importance
- Restrictive limitations on fundamental rights
Article 12 and Article 13
- Definition of state
- Laws Inconsistent with Fundamental Rights
Right to Equality
- Article 14: Equality before the lawor the Equal protection of Law
- Article 15: Prohibition of Discriminationon the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth
- Article 16: Equality of Opportunityin matters of Public Employment
- Article 17: Abolition of Untouchability
- Article 18: Abolition of Titles
Right to Freedom
- Article 19
- Article 20: (Protection in respectof conviction for offenses)
- Article 21: Protection of life andpersonal liberty
- Article 22: Protection against arrestand detention
Right against Exploitation
- Article 23: Prohibition of Trafficin human beings and forced labour
- Article 24: Prohibition of employmentof children in factories, etc
Right to Freedom of Religion
- Article 25: Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation or religion
- Article 26: Freedom to manage religious affairs
- Article 27: Freedom from payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion.
- Article 28: Freedom from attendance religious instruction or worship in educational institutions
Cultural and Educational Rights
- Article 29: Protection of interest of Minorities
- Article 30: Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions
Right to Constitutional Remedies
- Article 32: Right to Constitutional Remedies:
  - Habeas Corpus
  - Mandamus
  - Certiorari
  - Prohibition
  - Quo Warranto
FR’s other Dimensions
- Article 33
- Article 34
- Article 35
- Article 35A

Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)

Evolution, objectives, and features
- Basic features
- Types
- Amendments
- Implementation
Socialistic Principles
- Article: 38
- Article:39
- Article: 39A
- Article: 41
- Article: 42
- Article: 43
- Article: 43-A
- Article: 47
Gandhian Principles
- Article: 40
- Article: 43
- Article: 46
- Article: 47
- Article: 48
Liberal-Intellectual Principles
- Article: 44
- Article: 45
- Article: 48
- Article: 48A
- Article: 49
- Article: 50
- Article: 51
Directive Principle Outside Part IV
- ARTICLE 335 IN PART XVI
- ARTICLE 350-A IN PART XVII
- Article 351 in Part XVII

Fundamental Duties

Article: 51A
- Features
- Relation between of Fundamental Rightsand Fundamental Duties
- List Of Fundamental Duties
- 86^th Constitutional Amendment Act 2003 : RTE
Recent Developments
- Fundamental Duties – Awareness Campaigns is the Duty of Centre
- National Anthem - Mandatoryin Cinema Halls - Article 51(a)
- Prevention of Insults toNational Honour Act, 1971
- Triple Talaq Issue
- Uniform Civil Code
- MGNREGA: Right to Work
- Making Aadhar mandatory

System of Governance

Centre-State Relations
- Legislative relations (Articles) 245
- Related to Territorial Powers
- Related to Legislative Powers
- Related to Parliament’s Powersto make Laws in State
- Sarkaria Commission’s Opinionon Legislative Relations
- Administrative Relations
- Delegation of Union Functionsto the States
- Sarkaria Commission’s Opinionon Administrative Relations
- Financial relations
- National Integration Council
Inter State Relation
- Inter state water dispute
- Inter state councils
- Inter state trade and commerce
- Zonal Councils
Special Provisoions for some States
- Provisions for Maharastra and Gujarat, Nagaland, Assam and Manipur
- Provisions for Jammu and Kashmir (A370) (now abrogated)
Types of Emergencies
- National Emergency
- Constitutional/State Emergency /President’s Rule
Financial Emergency

Union Executive

President
- Eligibility
- Conditions of Office
- Term of Office
- Election
- Manner of Election
- Impeachment of the President
- Impeachment of the President
- Vacancy in the Office of President
- Powers of the President
  - Executive powers (Article 53)
  - Legislative Powers
  - Financial Powers
  - Ordinance Issuing Power (Article 123)
  - Judicial/Pardoning Power
  - Military
  - Diplomatic
  - Emergency Powers
Vice President
- Qualification
- Conditions of Office
- Term of Office
- Election
- Removal
- Vacancy
- Functions of the Vice-President
The Prime Minister
- Appointment
- Eligibility
- Powers and Functions of Prime Minister
- Relationship between the President
  and the Prime Minister
- Deputy Prime Minister
- Prime Minister’s Office
Union Council of Minister
- Article 74: Council of Ministers to aidand advice President
- Article 75: Other Provisions as to Ministers
- Article 77: Conduct of Businessof the Government of India
- Article 78: Duties of Prime Minister
- Nature of advice by Ministers
- Strength of the Council
- Appointment of a Non-legislator as a Minister
- Collective responsibility of the Ministers
- Individual Responsibility of Ministers

Union Legislature

Organisation of Parliament
- Organisation of Parliament
- Qualifications and Disqualifications forbeing a Member of Parliament (Article 84)
- Functions of the Parliament
- Functioning of the Parliament
- Sessions of Parliament
- Devices of Parliamentary Proceedings
- Parliamentary Privileges and Immunities
- Collective Privileges of the House
- Individual Privileges
- Houses of the Parliament
Parliament, Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha
- Lok Sabha Composition
- Rajya Sabha Composition
- Presiding Officers of the Parliament
- Speaker
- Powers & Functions of the speaker
- Deputy Speaker
- Panel of Chairpersons of Lok Sabha
- Speaker Pro Tem
- Chairman of Rajya Sabha
- Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha
- Panel of Vice-Chairpersons of Rajya Sabha
- Chairman and Deputy chairman of the Council of States
Legislative Procedure and Committees of Parliament
- Legislative Procedure in Parliament
- Ordinary Bill
- Money Bill
- Financial Bill
- Constitution Amendment Bill
- Lapsing of Bills
- Annual Financial Statement: Budget (Article 112)
- Demand of Grants
- Appropriation Bill
- Cut motions
- Stages in Enactment of Budget
- Other Grants
- Related Information of Budget
- Parliamentary committees

State Executive

Governor
- Article 152: Definition
- Article 153: Governors of States
- Article 154: Executive power of State
  - Powers of Governor
  - Executive power
  - Legislative power
  - Financial Power
  - Judicial Power
- Discretionary power
- Article 155: Appointment of Governor
- Article 156: Term of office of Governor
- Article 157: Qualifications for Appointment as Governor
- Article 158: Conditions of Governor’s office
- Article 159: Oath or affirmation by the Governor
- Article 160: Discharge of the functions of the Governor in certain contingencies
- Article 161
- Article 162: Extent of executive power of State
- Recommendations on the office of Governor
- ARC (Administrative Reforms Commission)
- Sarkaria Commission
- National Commission to Review the working of the Constitution
The Chief Minister and the CoM
- Powers and Functions of Chief Minister
  - In Relation to Council of Ministers
  - In relation to the Governor
  - In Relation to State Legislature
  - Other Powers and Functions
- Composition of the Council of Ministers
- Responsibility of Ministers
- Advocate-General for the State

State Legislature

Legislative Assembly
- Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha)
- Powers and Functions
- Speaker & Deputy Speaker
- Parliament’s Control over State Legislature
Legislative Council (Article 169)
- Qualifications
- Powers and Functions

Local Government

Panchayati Raj
- Evolution of the Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI)
- 73^rd Amendment Act of 1992
- Compulsory and Voluntary Provisions
Urban Local Government
- 74^th Constitutional Amendment Act
- Types of Urban Governments In India

Union Territories and special Areas

Union Territories
- Creation of Union Territories
- Administration of UT’s
- Special provisions for Delhi
- Special Category Status
Schedule and Tribal Areas
- Administration of Schedule Areas
- Administration of Tribal areas

The Judiciary

The Supreme Court
- Chief Justice of India
- Acting Chief Justice of India
- Appointment of Supreme Court Judges
- Qualifications for Supreme Court Judges
- Removal of a Supreme Court Judges
- Process of Impeachment
- Ad hoc and Retired Judges
- Salaries and allowances of SupremeCourt Judges
- Chief Justices of India (Since 1951)
- Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court
- Judicial Independence
- Judiciary Executive Relations
The High Court Subordinate Courts & Lok Adalats
- The High Courts
- Jurisdiction of the High Courts
- Subordinate Courts
- Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008
- Alternative dispute Resolution
- Lok Adalat
- All India Judicial Service
- E-governance in Judiciary
- Judicial Impact Assessment
- Judges Standards and AccountabilityBill, 2010
- National Legal Services Authority (NALSA)

Constitutional & Non Constitutional Bodies

Constitutional Bodies
- Finance Commission
  - Constitution
  - Functions
- Comptrollerand Auditor General of India
  - Comptroller and Auditor-General
- Attorney-General of India
  - Appointment
  - Functions and Responsibilities
- Other Constitutional Bodies
  - All India Services
  - Union Public Service Commission (UPSC)
- State Public Service Commission (SPSC)
- Joint State public Service Commission (JSPSC)
- National Commission For SCs
- National Commission For STs
- Special Officer for Linguistic Minority
- The Advocate General (Article 165)
Non Constitutional
- Special officer for linguistic Minorities
- Central Information Commission
- State Information Commission
- Lokpal and Lok Ayukta
- National Human Rights Commission
- State Human Right Commission
- CVC (Central Vigillance Commission)

Political Dynamics

Political Parties and Election
- Electoral System in India
- Electoral Reforms Since 1988
- Salient features of the Representation of People Act, 1950
  - Salient features of Representation of Peoples Act, 1951
  - Elections in India
  - Electoral reforms since 1988
  - Criminalization of politics
  - Negative or neutral voting
  - State funding of Election
  - Irregularities in polling
- Types of Political Parties
- Party System in India
- Political Parties in India
  - Problems in the working of parties
  - Casteism and Politic
  - Strengthening of Anti-defection measures
- Pressure Groups
  - Meaning and Techniques
  - Pressure Groups in India
  - Types of pressure groups
    - Role of pressure groupin developing countries
    - Functions of pressure groups in India
    - Pressure groups methods
    - Pressure groups and Democracy
    - Criticism of pressure groups

Governance

Governing Institutions in India
- Structure of Ministries/departments
- Political head
- Secretariat organization secretary
- Functions of the secretariat
- Functions of attached and subordinate office
- Other organizations
- Public sector undertakings
- The Executive organization
- Advantages of the separation ofsecretariat and executive organization.
- Strengths and weaknesses of theexisting structure
- Recommendations for improvingthe Organizational structure
Audit and other Transparency initiatives
- CVC
- CAG
- Lokpal
- Lok Ayukta
Role of SHG, NGOs, Civil Society
- SHGs
  - Characteristics
  - Role of SHGs in development
- NGOs
  - Functions
  - Role of NGOs in development
- Micro Finance Institutions
  - Salient features
  - Role of MFIs in development
Social Sector Bills
- - The Juvenile Justice (Care andProtection of Children) Act
  - Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2016
  - Child Labour (Prohibitionand Amendment) Bill, 2016
  - Maternity Benefit Bill, 2016
  - Pre-Conception & Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (PNDT) Act
  - Mental Health Care Bill, 2013
  - Protection of Children from Sexual Offenses (POCSO)
  - Anti Trafficking Bill with Stringent Penalty
  - HIV and AIDS (Prevention and Control)Bill- 2014 - Amendments
  - Domestic Violence Act, 2005 - SC WidensAmbit
  - Rights of Persons with DisabilitiesBill, 2014 with more Benefit
  - Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights)Bill 2016
  - The Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Amendment Act
Welfare Schemes
- - Health
    - National Health Mission
    - National Ayush Mission
    - Jan Aushadhi Scheme
    - Mission Indradhanush
    - NFHS-4 survey
  - Education
    - Padhe Bharat Badhe Bharat
    - Mid Day Meal Scheme
    - GIAN (Global Initiative ofAcademic Networks)
    - SWAYAM (Study Webs of Active –Learning for Young Aspiring Minds)
  - Start-up and Skill Development
    - Start Up India Scheme
    - Stand up India Scheme
    - National Student Start-up Policy
    - National Skill Development Mission
    - Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana
    - Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana
    - Skill Development Initiative Scheme
    - Self-Employment & Talent Utilisation (SETU)
    - Atal Innovation Mission
  - Vulnerable Sector
    - Social Security
    - Atal Pension Yojana
    - Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana
    - Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana
    - Nai Roshni Scheme
    - USTAAD Scheme (Upgrading the Skills and Training in Traditional Arts/Crafts for Development)
    - Nai Manzil Scheme
    - Women and Child Development
    - Beti Bachao Beti Padhao
    - Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana
    - Digital Gudda Guddi Board
    - Ujjawala Scheme
    - Janani Suraksha Yojana
    - Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram
    - SC/ST
    - Vanbandhu Kalyan Yojana
    - Pradhan Mantri Adarsh Gram Yojana
    - Disability
    - Accessible India Campaign (Sugamya Bharat Abhiyan)
    - Rural and Urban Development
    - Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana
    - Gram Uday Se Bharat Uday Abhiyan
    - Shyama Prasad Mukharjee Rurban Mission
    - Deendayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana
    - Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana
    - Swachch Bharat Abhiyan
    - Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana- Gramin
    - Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana - Urban
    - Housing for all by 2022
    - Smart Cities Mission
    - Hriday - National Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana
    - Amrut (Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation)
  - Inclusive growth
    - Measurement criteria
    - Government initiatives for inclusive growth
    - Basic Amenities: Housing/Drinking Waters/Sanitations
    - Sustainable Development
  - Rural Development
    - Rural development and poverty alleviation
    - Review of the existing Programmes
    - Development Administration
    - Panchayati Raj
    - Agriculture and Rural Development
  - Miscellaneous schemes
    - Digilocker
    - Bharatnet Project (National Optical Fibre Network)
    - INSPIRE (Innovation in Science Pursuit for Inspired Research)
    - SAKAAR
    - Digital India
    - Namami Gange Project (Integrated Ganga Conservation Mission Project)
    - Ganga Gram Yojana
    - Khelo India
    - PRAGATI (Pro-Active Governance and Timely Implementation)
    - Indian Community Welfare Fund (ICWF)

International Relations

India’s Foreign Policy
- Evolution of India’s Foreign Policy
- Post 1990 Scenario
- Global Issues
South Asia
- India – Nepal Relations
- India and Bhutan
- India-Afghanislam Relations
- India-Bangladesh Relations
- India-Maldives Relations
- India-Sri Lanka Relations
- India-Myanmar Relations
- India-Pakistan Relations
- SAARC
- NAM (Non-Alignment Movement): Relevance
Central Asia
- Mongolia
- Kazakhastan
- Tukmenistan
- Uzbekistan
West Asia
- India – UAE Relations
- India IRAN Relations
- Israel and Palestine Relations
- India – Israel Relations
- India – Saudi Arabia
Asia – Pacific
- Asia-Pacific Region
- India-South East Asia Relations
- India-Asean Cooperation
- Indo-Japan Relations
- Indo-Australia Relations
- India – South Korea Relations
- India-Vietnam
Africa
- India-South Africa Relations
- India-Nigeria Relations
- India-Kenya Relations
- India-Sudan Relations
Europe
- India-Russia Relations
- India-France Relations
- India-Germany Relations
- India-United Kingdom Relations
- India-EU Kingdom Relations
US-China
- India-USA Relations
- India-China Relations
Indian Ocean Region
- Seychelles
- Mauritius
- Maldives
Indian Diaspora
- Indian Diaspora in West
- Indian Diaspora in Gulf
- Indian Diaspora in Eastand Middle East

UPSC SYLLABUS

Polity & Governance (Indian Polity And Governance (Prelims))

Subjects

Evolution of the Constitution

Salient Features of Indian Constitution

Union & Its Territory

Citizenship

Fundamental Rights

Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)

Fundamental Duties

System of Governance

Union Executive

Union Legislature

State Executive

State Legislature

Local Government

Union Territories and special Areas

The Judiciary

Constitutional & Non Constitutional Bodies

Political Dynamics

Governance

International Relations