Polity & Governance (Indian Polity And Governance (Prelims))

Subjects

History

Geography

Indian Society

Indian Society (Mains)

Polity & Governance

International Relations

Economy

Science & Technology

Environment

Internal Security

Ethics

Evolution of the Constitution

The Company Rule (1773-1858)
- Regulating Act, 1773
- Amending Act, 1781
- Pitt’s India Act, 1784
- Amending Act of 1786
- Charter Act, 1793
- Charter Act, 1813
- Charter Act, 1833
- Charter Act, 1853
The Crown Rule (1858-1947)
- Government of India Act, 1858
- Indian Councils Act, 1861
- Indian Councils Act, 1892
- Indian Councils Act, 1909
- Government of India Act, 1919
- Simon Commission
- Government of India Act, 1935
- Indian Independence Act, 1947
Drafting and Sources of Indian Constitution)
- Seminal Sources
- External Sources
- Developmental Sources
- Constitutional Practices
- Important Committees of the Constituent Assembly and their Chairman

Salient Features of Indian Constitution

Constitution and Types
- What is a Constitution?
- Types of Constitution
- Functions of the Constitution
- Historical evolution of the Constitution
- Constituent Assembly
- Objectives of the Constitution
- Unitary features
- Federal features
Types of Political System
- Types of Political System
- Types of Government
- Parliamentary form of government
- Features of the Presidential System
- Features of Semi-Presidential System
Types of Majorities as per the Indian Constitution
- Absolute Majority
- Effective Majority
- Simple Majority
- Special Majority
Preamble and Values in the Constitution
- The objectives laid down in the Preamble
- Whether the Preamble is a partof the Constitution or not?
- Whether Preamble can be amended or not?
  - Ideals (mentioned in the Preamble)
  - Democratic
  - Sovereign
  - Socialist
  - Secular
  - Republic
  - Justice
  - Equality
  - Liberty
  - Fraternity
  - Integrity
Amendment of the Constitution
- Procedure for amendment
- Types of Amendments
- Amendability of FR’s
- Ingredients of basic structure
Doctrine and Terms
- Doctrine of severability
- Validity of Re-Constitutional Laws
- Doctrine of Eclipse
- Doctrine of Harmonious Construction
- Doctrine of Pith and Substance
- Doctrine of Colorable Legislation (Article 246)
- Doctrine of Territorial Nexus
- Doctrine of Laches
- Due Process of Law
- Procedure Established by Law
Other Constitutional Dimensions
- Schedules and Subjects
- Official Languages

Union & Its Territory

ARTICLE 1-4
- Article 1: Name and Territory of the Union
- Committee/commission for StateRe-organisation
- The State Reorganization Commission(SRC) 1953
- Article 2: Admit or Establish new State
- Article 3: Formation of new States andalternation of areas, boundaries or names of existing States
- Article 4: Laws made under articles2 and 3 to provide for the amendment of the First and the Fourth Schedule and Supplemental.
- Delimitation Commission

Citizenship

Constitutional Provisions
- Constitutional provisions of citizenship
- Citizenship Act, 1955
- The Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2016
- Methodology of getting citizenship
- Modes of Losing the Citizenship of India
- Concept of dual citizenship
- Special privileges enjoyed bycitizens in India
- Rights and Duties of Citizens
Indian Diaspora
- Pravasi Bhartiya Divas
- Non-Resident Indians

Fundamental Rights

Evolution Objectives And Features
- Meaning
- Objectives
- Features
- Importance
- Restrictive limitations on fundamental rights
Article 12 and Article 13
- Definition of state
- Laws Inconsistent with Fundamental Rights
Right to Equality
- Article 14: Equality before the lawor the Equal protection of Law
- Article 15: Prohibition of Discriminationon the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth
- Article 16: Equality of Opportunityin matters of Public Employment
- Article 17: Abolition of Untouchability
- Article 18: Abolition of Titles
Right to Freedom
- Article 19
- Article 20: (Protection in respectof conviction for offenses)
- Article 21: Protection of life andpersonal liberty
- Article 22: Protection against arrestand detention
Right against Exploitation
- Article 23: Prohibition of Trafficin human beings and forced labour
- Article 24: Prohibition of employmentof children in factories, etc
Right to Freedom of Religion
- Article 25: Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation or religion
- Article 26: Freedom to manage religious affairs
- Article 27: Freedom from payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion.
- Article 28: Freedom from attendance religious instruction or worship in educational institutions
Cultural and Educational Rights
- Article 29: Protection of interest of Minorities
- Article 30: Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions
Right to Constitutional Remedies
- Article 32: Right to Constitutional Remedies:
  - Habeas Corpus
  - Mandamus
  - Certiorari
  - Prohibition
  - Quo Warranto
FR’s other Dimensions
- Article 33
- Article 34
- Article 35
- Article 35A

Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)

Evolution, objectives, and features
- Basic features
- Types
- Amendments
- Implementation
Socialistic Principles
- Article: 38
- Article:39
- Article: 39A
- Article: 41
- Article: 42
- Article: 43
- Article: 43-A
- Article: 47
Gandhian Principles
- Article: 40
- Article: 43
- Article: 46
- Article: 47
- Article: 48
Liberal-Intellectual Principles
- Article: 44
- Article: 45
- Article: 48
- Article: 48A
- Article: 49
- Article: 50
- Article: 51
Directive Principle Outside Part IV
- ARTICLE 335 IN PART XVI
- ARTICLE 350-A IN PART XVII
- Article 351 in Part XVII

Fundamental Duties

Article: 51A
- Features
- Relation between of Fundamental Rightsand Fundamental Duties
- List Of Fundamental Duties
- 86^th Constitutional Amendment Act 2003 : RTE
Recent Developments
- Fundamental Duties – Awareness Campaigns is the Duty of Centre
- National Anthem - Mandatoryin Cinema Halls - Article 51(a)
- Prevention of Insults toNational Honour Act, 1971
- Triple Talaq Issue
- Uniform Civil Code
- MGNREGA: Right to Work
- Making Aadhar mandatory

System of Governance

Centre-State Relations
- Legislative relations (Articles) 245
- Related to Territorial Powers
- Related to Legislative Powers
- Related to Parliament’s Powersto make Laws in State
- Sarkaria Commission’s Opinionon Legislative Relations
- Administrative Relations
- Delegation of Union Functionsto the States
- Sarkaria Commission’s Opinionon Administrative Relations
- Financial relations
- National Integration Council
Inter State Relation
- Inter state water dispute
- Inter state councils
- Inter state trade and commerce
- Zonal Councils
Special Provisoions for some States
- Provisions for Maharastra and Gujarat, Nagaland, Assam and Manipur
- Provisions for Jammu and Kashmir (A370) (now abrogated)
Types of Emergencies
- National Emergency
- Constitutional/State Emergency /President’s Rule
Financial Emergency

Union Executive

President
- Eligibility
- Conditions of Office
- Term of Office
- Election
- Manner of Election
- Impeachment of the President
- Impeachment of the President
- Vacancy in the Office of President
- Powers of the President
  - Executive powers (Article 53)
  - Legislative Powers
  - Financial Powers
  - Ordinance Issuing Power (Article 123)
  - Judicial/Pardoning Power
  - Military
  - Diplomatic
  - Emergency Powers
Vice President
- Qualification
- Conditions of Office
- Term of Office
- Election
- Removal
- Vacancy
- Functions of the Vice-President
The Prime Minister
- Appointment
- Eligibility
- Powers and Functions of Prime Minister
- Relationship between the President
  and the Prime Minister
- Deputy Prime Minister
- Prime Minister’s Office
Union Council of Minister
- Article 74: Council of Ministers to aidand advice President
- Article 75: Other Provisions as to Ministers
- Article 77: Conduct of Businessof the Government of India
- Article 78: Duties of Prime Minister
- Nature of advice by Ministers
- Strength of the Council
- Appointment of a Non-legislator as a Minister
- Collective responsibility of the Ministers
- Individual Responsibility of Ministers

Union Legislature

Organisation of Parliament
- Organisation of Parliament
- Qualifications and Disqualifications forbeing a Member of Parliament (Article 84)
- Functions of the Parliament
- Functioning of the Parliament
- Sessions of Parliament
- Devices of Parliamentary Proceedings
- Parliamentary Privileges and Immunities
- Collective Privileges of the House
- Individual Privileges
- Houses of the Parliament
Parliament, Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha
- Lok Sabha Composition
- Rajya Sabha Composition
- Presiding Officers of the Parliament
- Speaker
- Powers & Functions of the speaker
- Deputy Speaker
- Panel of Chairpersons of Lok Sabha
- Speaker Pro Tem
- Chairman of Rajya Sabha
- Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha
- Panel of Vice-Chairpersons of Rajya Sabha
- Chairman and Deputy chairman of the Council of States
Legislative Procedure and Committees of Parliament
- Legislative Procedure in Parliament
- Ordinary Bill
- Money Bill
- Financial Bill
- Constitution Amendment Bill
- Lapsing of Bills
- Annual Financial Statement: Budget (Article 112)
- Demand of Grants
- Appropriation Bill
- Cut motions
- Stages in Enactment of Budget
- Other Grants
- Related Information of Budget
- Parliamentary committees

State Executive

Governor
- Article 152: Definition
- Article 153: Governors of States
- Article 154: Executive power of State
  - Powers of Governor
  - Executive power
  - Legislative power
  - Financial Power
  - Judicial Power
- Discretionary power
- Article 155: Appointment of Governor
- Article 156: Term of office of Governor
- Article 157: Qualifications for Appointment as Governor
- Article 158: Conditions of Governor’s office
- Article 159: Oath or affirmation by the Governor
- Article 160: Discharge of the functions of the Governor in certain contingencies
- Article 161
- Article 162: Extent of executive power of State
- Recommendations on the office of Governor
- ARC (Administrative Reforms Commission)
- Sarkaria Commission
- National Commission to Review the working of the Constitution
The Chief Minister and the CoM
- Powers and Functions of Chief Minister
  - In Relation to Council of Ministers
  - In relation to the Governor
  - In Relation to State Legislature
  - Other Powers and Functions
- Composition of the Council of Ministers
- Responsibility of Ministers
- Advocate-General for the State

State Legislature

Legislative Assembly
- Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha)
- Powers and Functions
- Speaker & Deputy Speaker
- Parliament’s Control over State Legislature
Legislative Council (Article 169)
- Qualifications
- Powers and Functions

Local Government

Panchayati Raj
- Evolution of the Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI)
- 73^rd Amendment Act of 1992
- Compulsory and Voluntary Provisions
Urban Local Government
- 74^th Constitutional Amendment Act
- Types of Urban Governments In India

Union Territories and special Areas

Union Territories
- Creation of Union Territories
- Administration of UT’s
- Special provisions for Delhi
- Special Category Status
Schedule and Tribal Areas
- Administration of Schedule Areas
- Administration of Tribal areas

The Judiciary

The Supreme Court
- Chief Justice of India
- Acting Chief Justice of India
- Appointment of Supreme Court Judges
- Qualifications for Supreme Court Judges
- Removal of a Supreme Court Judges
- Process of Impeachment
- Ad hoc and Retired Judges
- Salaries and allowances of SupremeCourt Judges
- Chief Justices of India (Since 1951)
- Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court
- Judicial Independence
- Judiciary Executive Relations
The High Court Subordinate Courts & Lok Adalats
- The High Courts
- Jurisdiction of the High Courts
- Subordinate Courts
- Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008
- Alternative dispute Resolution
- Lok Adalat
- All India Judicial Service
- E-governance in Judiciary
- Judicial Impact Assessment
- Judges Standards and AccountabilityBill, 2010
- National Legal Services Authority (NALSA)

Constitutional & Non Constitutional Bodies

Constitutional Bodies
- Finance Commission
  - Constitution
  - Functions
- Comptrollerand Auditor General of India
  - Comptroller and Auditor-General
- Attorney-General of India
  - Appointment
  - Functions and Responsibilities
- Other Constitutional Bodies
  - All India Services
  - Union Public Service Commission (UPSC)
- State Public Service Commission (SPSC)
- Joint State public Service Commission (JSPSC)
- National Commission For SCs
- National Commission For STs
- Special Officer for Linguistic Minority
- The Advocate General (Article 165)
Non Constitutional
- Special officer for linguistic Minorities
- Central Information Commission
- State Information Commission
- Lokpal and Lok Ayukta
- National Human Rights Commission
- State Human Right Commission
- CVC (Central Vigillance Commission)

Political Dynamics

Political Parties and Election
- Electoral System in India
- Electoral Reforms Since 1988
- Salient features of the Representation of People Act, 1950
  - Salient features of Representation of Peoples Act, 1951
  - Elections in India
  - Electoral reforms since 1988
  - Criminalization of politics
  - Negative or neutral voting
  - State funding of Election
  - Irregularities in polling
- Types of Political Parties
- Party System in India
- Political Parties in India
  - Problems in the working of parties
  - Casteism and Politic
  - Strengthening of Anti-defection measures
- Pressure Groups
  - Meaning and Techniques
  - Pressure Groups in India
  - Types of pressure groups
    - Role of pressure groupin developing countries
    - Functions of pressure groups in India
    - Pressure groups methods
    - Pressure groups and Democracy
    - Criticism of pressure groups

Governance

Governing Institutions in India
- Structure of Ministries/departments
- Political head
- Secretariat organization secretary
- Functions of the secretariat
- Functions of attached and subordinate office
- Other organizations
- Public sector undertakings
- The Executive organization
- Advantages of the separation ofsecretariat and executive organization.
- Strengths and weaknesses of theexisting structure
- Recommendations for improvingthe Organizational structure
Audit and other Transparency initiatives
- CVC
- CAG
- Lokpal
- Lok Ayukta
Role of SHG, NGOs, Civil Society
- SHGs
  - Characteristics
  - Role of SHGs in development
- NGOs
  - Functions
  - Role of NGOs in development
- Micro Finance Institutions
  - Salient features
  - Role of MFIs in development
Social Sector Bills
- - The Juvenile Justice (Care andProtection of Children) Act
  - Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2016
  - Child Labour (Prohibitionand Amendment) Bill, 2016
  - Maternity Benefit Bill, 2016
  - Pre-Conception & Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (PNDT) Act
  - Mental Health Care Bill, 2013
  - Protection of Children from Sexual Offenses (POCSO)
  - Anti Trafficking Bill with Stringent Penalty
  - HIV and AIDS (Prevention and Control)Bill- 2014 - Amendments
  - Domestic Violence Act, 2005 - SC WidensAmbit
  - Rights of Persons with DisabilitiesBill, 2014 with more Benefit
  - Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights)Bill 2016
  - The Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Amendment Act
Welfare Schemes
- - Health
    - National Health Mission
    - National Ayush Mission
    - Jan Aushadhi Scheme
    - Mission Indradhanush
    - NFHS-4 survey
  - Education
    - Padhe Bharat Badhe Bharat
    - Mid Day Meal Scheme
    - GIAN (Global Initiative ofAcademic Networks)
    - SWAYAM (Study Webs of Active –Learning for Young Aspiring Minds)
  - Start-up and Skill Development
    - Start Up India Scheme
    - Stand up India Scheme
    - National Student Start-up Policy
    - National Skill Development Mission
    - Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana
    - Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana
    - Skill Development Initiative Scheme
    - Self-Employment & Talent Utilisation (SETU)
    - Atal Innovation Mission
  - Vulnerable Sector
    - Social Security
    - Atal Pension Yojana
    - Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana
    - Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana
    - Nai Roshni Scheme
    - USTAAD Scheme (Upgrading the Skills and Training in Traditional Arts/Crafts for Development)
    - Nai Manzil Scheme
    - Women and Child Development
    - Beti Bachao Beti Padhao
    - Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana
    - Digital Gudda Guddi Board
    - Ujjawala Scheme
    - Janani Suraksha Yojana
    - Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram
    - SC/ST
    - Vanbandhu Kalyan Yojana
    - Pradhan Mantri Adarsh Gram Yojana
    - Disability
    - Accessible India Campaign (Sugamya Bharat Abhiyan)
    - Rural and Urban Development
    - Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana
    - Gram Uday Se Bharat Uday Abhiyan
    - Shyama Prasad Mukharjee Rurban Mission
    - Deendayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana
    - Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana
    - Swachch Bharat Abhiyan
    - Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana- Gramin
    - Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana - Urban
    - Housing for all by 2022
    - Smart Cities Mission
    - Hriday - National Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana
    - Amrut (Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation)
  - Inclusive growth
    - Measurement criteria
    - Government initiatives for inclusive growth
    - Basic Amenities: Housing/Drinking Waters/Sanitations
    - Sustainable Development
  - Rural Development
    - Rural development and poverty alleviation
    - Review of the existing Programmes
    - Development Administration
    - Panchayati Raj
    - Agriculture and Rural Development
  - Miscellaneous schemes
    - Digilocker
    - Bharatnet Project (National Optical Fibre Network)
    - INSPIRE (Innovation in Science Pursuit for Inspired Research)
    - SAKAAR
    - Digital India
    - Namami Gange Project (Integrated Ganga Conservation Mission Project)
    - Ganga Gram Yojana
    - Khelo India
    - PRAGATI (Pro-Active Governance and Timely Implementation)
    - Indian Community Welfare Fund (ICWF)

International Relations

India’s Foreign Policy
- Evolution of India’s Foreign Policy
- Post 1990 Scenario
- Global Issues
South Asia
- India – Nepal Relations
- India and Bhutan
- India-Afghanislam Relations
- India-Bangladesh Relations
- India-Maldives Relations
- India-Sri Lanka Relations
- India-Myanmar Relations
- India-Pakistan Relations
- SAARC
- NAM (Non-Alignment Movement): Relevance
Central Asia
- Mongolia
- Kazakhastan
- Tukmenistan
- Uzbekistan
West Asia
- India – UAE Relations
- India IRAN Relations
- Israel and Palestine Relations
- India – Israel Relations
- India – Saudi Arabia
Asia – Pacific
- Asia-Pacific Region
- India-South East Asia Relations
- India-Asean Cooperation
- Indo-Japan Relations
- Indo-Australia Relations
- India – South Korea Relations
- India-Vietnam
Africa
- India-South Africa Relations
- India-Nigeria Relations
- India-Kenya Relations
- India-Sudan Relations
Europe
- India-Russia Relations
- India-France Relations
- India-Germany Relations
- India-United Kingdom Relations
- India-EU Kingdom Relations
US-China
- India-USA Relations
- India-China Relations
Indian Ocean Region
- Seychelles
- Mauritius
- Maldives
Indian Diaspora
- Indian Diaspora in West
- Indian Diaspora in Gulf
- Indian Diaspora in Eastand Middle East